WINK-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 47 



which were then becoming yellow but still seem not to have 

 moved from their winter positions. No very young larvae 

 were to be found, although they were soon after, May first, 

 hatched from a bottled specimen taken from the vineyard at 

 this time and placed under more favorable conditions, in a 

 warm laboratory. A casual examination of specimens put 

 aside in an unsealed fruit-jar proved the roots to be literally 

 covered with insects, only a few of which were mothers ; the 

 remainder consisted of young larvae and eggs. The warm and 

 even temperature of the room was undoubtedly the cause of 

 their earlier activity, and demonstrates the fact that a rela- 

 tively high temperature is all that is required for the continu- 

 ance of activity during the winter. This presumption is fur- 

 ther borne out by their earlier appearance in 1884, when the 

 spring was fully six weeks in advance of an average year. In 

 the early part of Mar^h, before the beginning of the budding 

 of the vine, specimens could be found which would do credit 

 to the insect under the favorable conditions of fall. 



The month of May showed a slow but steady increase of 

 the different forms, beginning particularly under the bark of 

 older roots, and later increasing most rapidly on fibrous roots 

 of the present year's growth. The insects seemed to be of a 

 more greenisji color than at other times. A marked increase 

 in the rapidity of production was noticeable during the last 

 days of June; still the spread had not yet become general for 

 the season. 



First Appearance of the Winged Form. It was in the fol- 

 lowing month (July, 1882) that the first indication of the 

 winged form appeared. Insects resembling larvae were found, 

 with black antennae and leg?, and upon each side of the back, 

 extending along the body, were dark spots, covering the ru- 

 dimentary wings which distinguishes this as the wing-pad, or 

 "pupa " stage of development. One of these insects was pre- 

 served, and by the twenty-sixth of July had developed into a 



