-54 ORATE CULTl'RK AND 



formed condition, contrary to the accepted belief of a trans- 

 formation at the surface of the ground. 



THK WINGED FORM. 



The late rains of the summer of 1884, the season in which 

 nearly all the field studies of the pupa and winged form were 

 made, produced a generous supply of the white, club-shaped 

 rootlets, thus enabling us with properly arranged "traps," 

 and bottles buried in the soil, to study the winged and other 

 forms. 'A beaker was also inverted over some of the bared 

 roots, and in one or two days an abundant supply of the 

 winged form was found flying about, and crawling upon the 

 side of the beaker which was most exposed to the light and 

 warmth. The young larvae which left the roots for the 

 the smooth glass constituted a large proportion of the active 

 insects. A bottle which was in a cooler place, showed them 

 in far less numbers. 



A steady and rapid production of winged individuals en- 

 sued from the beginning of the experiment, August twentieth, 

 through September, and a few were developed even later. 

 A large number of the confined winged insects soon laid eggs, 

 often as many as five for each individual. None of these 

 eggs, however, were observed to hatch; hence no sexual in- 

 dividuals were produced. 



Migration of Wtnged Insects. In arranging the glass jar 

 " traps" the soil was considerably loosened up, and thus was 

 prepared the way for the migration of the winged insects, which 

 occurred about the twentieth of August, when they could be 

 found in considerable numbers crawling about upon the small 

 lumps of earth, preparatory to taking wing. Only one was 

 actually seen to fly up to the vine, although others were 

 found quietly fixed upon the under side of some of the 

 leaves. This passing through the loosened earth, and later 

 through the unmolested soil, continued up to the tenth of 



