WINE-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 67 



ening of the bark takes place, which does not extend further, 

 and, if made on the finer rootlets, will often peel off, leaving 

 the root perfectly smooth. 



I abstain purposely from description of any chemical reme- 

 dies, because I believe them too costly, and at the same time 

 not effectual enough. They give us no guarantee, even if 

 they could be so thoroughly applied as to exterminate all 

 the insects, of permanent security; as they may at any time 

 be again transmitted to the same vineyard, making continued 

 applications necessary, generally with great danger to the 

 vines. Only in cases when it is desirable to preserve a valu- 

 able piece of vineyard of a choice variety, it may be advisable 

 to use Dr. Bauer's Mercurial remedy, which so far is the most 

 promising, least dangerous, and cheapest of all that have been 

 tried. Those who wisli to try this, can find it fully described 

 in Bulletins 18 and 48, which can be had from the State Uni- 

 versity on application. 



CHAPTER VII. 



RESISTANT VINES. 



I have always been fully convinced, since I first studied 

 the habits of the insect that in these we. possess the only 

 feasible and practical means of preventing and counteracting 

 the ravages of the phylloxera. Insecticides, of whatever kind 

 and description, are too costly in their application, and have 

 to be renewed too often, to ever become practically applica- 

 ble here or even in Europe. The lowest cost of their appli- 

 cation of which I have seen an estimate, is about $30 per 



