WINK-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 71 



phylloxera, three only at the present time hold an important 

 position. The credit of having suggested one of these, that 

 of replanting by the American vines, is assigned to M. Laliman, 

 and that gentleman shares with Baron Therinrd, M. Dumas; 

 and M. Fancon, the honor of having indicated to the French 

 vine-growers the three means capable, according to situation 

 and other circumstances, of resisting the terrible plague 

 which at one time threatened to annihilate the vineyards of 

 France that is to say, the employment of insecticides,- sub- 

 mersion, and American vines. 



Of the first remedy we hear but few particulars during the 

 journey undertaken by M. Lalande ; of the second no notice 

 is taken at all ; while, on the other hand, of the results ob- 

 tained by means of the third, most striking evidence is given, 

 and, indeed, it is apparent that it is to the last remedy 

 that of replanting with American vines that M. Lalande 

 and his fellow-travellers attach the greatest importance. 



On the first day of their excursion the chief interest seems 

 to have been attracted to some vineyards in the neighbor- 

 hood of Beziers, where an extent of more than 5000 acres of 

 vines had been preserved for some years past by means of 

 sulphate of carbon, accompanied each year by manuring over 

 about a third of the extent of the lands in question. As a 

 result of this treatment, it is stated that the vegetation was 

 good and normal, although there were some points where 

 the sulphate of carbon appeared not to have acted with the 

 same efficiency and success as elsewhere. The failure in 

 these cases, however, was attributed to the extreme hu- 

 midity, which had paralyzed the action of the sulphate, a 

 failure which, it is hoped, may be remedied in future by 

 means of drainage. 



Proceeding on the second day to the neighborhood of 

 Montpelier, a visit was there paid to an estate on which all 

 the French vines had been destroyed some time previously, 



