WINE-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 107 



December, 1883 ; and were cut eight to nine inches long. Soon after 

 they were put under ground in a shady place, and there remained until 

 planting time. 



The soil of the nursery bed being rather heavy loam, its condition 

 was improved by a heavy dressing of barnyard manure, and with the 

 subsequent addition of fifty pounds of quicklime to an area of 20x30 

 feet, or about 1.72 part of an acre. 



At the beginning of April the bed was deeply dug with forks, and 

 on April 6 the cuttings were planted, some sand being spread in the 

 bottom of the trench to facilitate rooting. Drills were placed 18 inches 

 apart, and cuttings 4 to 6 inches in the row, two eyes being left above 

 the ground, the lower one just at the surface. 



The Vitis riparia was the first to start, and was followed, in eight or 

 ten days, by the Arizonica; the Californica being the last, fully three 

 weeks after the riparia, and starting quite slowly. The (estivalis started 

 a trifle sooner than the last mentioned. 



During the season (which, as will be remembered, was quite a moist 

 one) the bed did not receive any watering, but was kept clean and well 

 worked. 



Small as these cuttings were, their growth has been very good, and 

 as shown in the table below, a large percentage of all the varieties 

 rooted ; each kind exhibiting its peculiar habit of growth. 



The riparia, which started first, was also the first to stop, the leaves 

 all turning yellow at the end of September. The Arizonica, at the 

 same time, showed signs of having made all its growth, but kept a good 

 green color; while the Californica still continued to grow vigorously. 

 The same order, precisely, was observed in the 4-year old vines from 

 which the cuttings had been taken, so that it doubtless represents fairly 

 the respective habits in this climate. 



The bed at the time presented an interesting sight ; the riparia with 

 its long spreading canes and fading color contrasting strikingly with 

 the bush-like, uptight habit of the Arizonian vine, and both with the 

 running but more robust habit of the Californian. The leaves of the 

 latter only yielded to frost and remained on the canes until spring. 

 The Arizonica dropped them soon after the first frost. 



The following table shows at a glance the main points in the growth 

 of the several species: 



