WINE-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 117 



the upper wedge of the scion, thus formed, is pushed into 

 the slit on the stock, until both fit close- 

 ly, and the lower end or lap of the scion 

 rests closely upon the lower bark of the 

 stock. Here also, care must be taken, 

 that the inner bark of stock and scion 

 fit well. It is then bandaged as the 

 cleft graft. 



A modification of this is the so called 

 Champin graft, called so from its inven- 

 tor, Aime Champin, but I cannot see that 

 it is superior in any way to common 

 FIG. 9. splice grafting. 



There are a great many other methods, as saddle grafting, 

 grafting by approach, inarching, etc., but I wish to confine 

 myself to only the simplest and most generally successful. 



This is the "modus operandi;" now for its practical appli- 

 cation in the vineyard. 



In grafting in this State, we generally have one or the 

 other of the following objects in view, viz. : 



1. Changing worthless vines into something more valuable. 



2. Grafting noble vinifera vines on resistant stocks, to in- 

 sure them against phylloxera. 



3. Grafting the most valuable resistant vines, for immedi- 

 ate bearing, on non-resistant stocks. 



We will commence with No. i and suppose a case of a 

 four-year-old vineyard of Mission or Malvasia, to be con- 

 verted into Semillion or Petit Syrah. Choose your scions as 

 indicated before, then graft them under ground, at the first 

 smooth place you can find. I would cleft graft these, or use 

 the modification of side grafting, as mentioned before. Di- 

 vide your labor as follows: Let one man dig away the earth 

 from the vine, until he comes to a smooth place, then saw or 

 cut off the vine about an inch above a node or whorl, also 



