WINE-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 165 



small size. The white and black Corinth, from which the 

 Zante Currants are made, do no seem reliable here, and so 

 far have not proved profitable. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



CULTIVATION AND TREATMENT DURING THE FIRST AND SECOND 

 SUMMER. 



After the vineyard has been planted, it should be kept well 

 cultivated, the surface kept loose and mellow by frequent stir- 

 ring with plow, cultivator and harrow; it is the only method 

 by which moisture can be kept up, and the vines can live 

 and grow freely. If the soil has been well and deeply prepared, 

 it will need no deep plowing the first summer, unless late 

 rains have hardened it down after planting. It is generally 

 sufficient in all ordinary soils to run a two horse sulky culti- 

 vator, in which the shares are so arranged that the two mid- 

 dle ones take one side of the row each, while the horses also- 

 walk one on each side of the row, (or straddle it, as the com- 

 mon expression is). If the operator is careful, he can come 

 very close to the vines, and by setting the shares or shovels 

 so that they will throw the ground slightly towards the vines,, 

 they will get loose earth around them. Should the ground 

 have become hardened, one of the numerous vineyard gang 

 plows will have to be run through the row, or if this is not 

 available, a one horse plow can be used, though this is much 

 slower work. One of the most convenient gang plows for 

 vineyard work is (Fig. 12.) manufactured by H. Hortop, Ruth- 



