168 GRAPE CULTURE AND 



(Fig. 14). Cultivator for two horses, to follow the plow in 

 later cultivation, also made by the same party. The shares 

 with small mouldboards at the sides work like small plows, 

 throwing the ground to the vines, can be changed ad libitum 

 for the longer pointed shares, also for a weed cutter blade, to 

 be attached to the shanks behind, to extend all the way 

 across, with three cultivator shares in front of it to loosen the 

 soil. This is very useful for late cultivation, especially where 

 the morning glory, that pest of California vineyards, prevails. 



Either the harrow or the clod crusher should follow the 

 plow or cultivator if the ground is at all lumpy, to break the 

 clods and make a mellow and even surface. The later this is 

 kept up in summer the better will be the growth on the vines; 

 they will grow all the better if cultivated all summer, and 

 they will pay well for liberal treatment by early and abundant 

 crops. 



If resistant vines have been planted, to be grafted when 

 strong enough, they will need no pruning the following winter, 

 as it will be just as well, and make them stockier and stronger, 

 to let them grow unchecked. They will also need no stakes, 

 as vines which are not irrigated, make but a small growth the 

 first summer, until the roots have become firmly established. 

 If viniferas have been planted, however, or resistant vines for 

 direct production, such as Herbemont, Rulander, and Le- 

 noir, the young vine may be cut back to two buds of its last 

 summer's growth, and should also have a stake for future 

 training. Where redwood is available, that is the best and 

 cheapest, as it works easy, and is very durable. The length 

 of the stake to be used will depend on the variety planted. 

 For Zinfandel, Green Hungarian, Mataro and other varieties 

 adapted to stool or short pruning, (which some call goblet 

 pruning) a stake of four feet is amply high enough, and this 

 can generally be removed the fifth or sixth year, as the vine 

 will support itself then. For varieties requiring long pruning 



