WINE-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 181 



ways suffered from coulure to such an extent that I do not 

 think it will pay with any manner of training, and ought to 

 be discarded. Nor do I think we need it, with all the fine 

 varieties now at our command. There are, of course, many 

 other modes of training in vogue in France, Germany, and air 

 Europe, as well as the trellis method adopted in the Eastern 

 States, which I have followed and advocated there for many 

 years. But the trouble with most of them is, that they offer 

 serious obstacles to cultivating both ways, and as labor is 

 high, we must do all we can with plow and cultivator, which 

 not alone saves manual labor, but offers better cultivation 

 than we can perform by hand. No hoe or spade will so thor- 

 oughly pulverize and mellow the soil as the plow, clod crush- 

 er, and harrow, where they can be used both ways. For this; 

 reason I am slow in following or recommending any method, 

 of training which will only allow cultivation one way; and the 

 advantages it offers must be great indeed to induce me to* 

 adopt it. 



THE CHAINTRE SYSTEM. 



This is one of the systems which would prevent cultivation-, 

 both ways, but is much recommended by French authorities,, 

 as very much increasing the product per acre, and necessitat- 

 ing only about three hundred and twenty-five vines to the 

 acre, instead of three thousand, as they are generally planted 

 there. It was Denis Lusseaudeau, at Chissay, France, who 

 first invented and tried it, and it is enshusiastically spoken of 

 and explained in a pamphlet with numerous illustrations by 

 A. Vias, which was translated into English for the State Board 

 of viticulture, and published among their transactions. Any 

 one who wishes full information about it can obtain it from 

 the Secretary, Mr. Clarence J. Wetmore, who has tried it 

 himself, and thinks it well adapted to such varieties as are 

 shy bearers and much subject to coulure. The vines are 

 pruned in a peculiar manner, and bent over as the name im- 



