QUACK GRASS. 243 



conditions which relate chiefly to soil and climate ; con- 

 sequently, -uniformity in the exact methods followed in 

 renewing the grass would not be wise. Ordinarily the 

 land should not be ploughed more deeply than the mass 

 of the roots go. The work may be best done in the early 

 fall or early spring and at intervals of say 2 to 4 years. 

 If ploughed quite late in the fall, the upturned roots 

 would be injured by the frost in cold climates and 

 ploughed late in the spring, much of the usual season for 

 growth would be lost. The work should be done with 

 a strong team because of the toughness of the sod. It 

 should also be done with a plough that will turn a 

 smooth furrow that a reasonably smooth surface may be 

 made with the harrow. Such renewal is very helpful 

 in increasing growth in the pasture. By such a method 

 of renewal, accompanied by an occasional dressing with 

 fertilizers, this grass could doubtless be grown for many 

 years. 



Eradicating. Quack grass seeds are frequently in- 

 troduced along with those of seed grain, amid which 

 they have grown, more especially along with wheat and 

 oats. It may also be introduced in stable manure pur- 

 chased in cities, towns and villages. A few plants are 

 thus lodged in the fields in one or more centres. In 

 these there may be but a single plant at the first. 

 Through the aggressive character of the root growth, 

 the plants in each center soon grow into a small patch 

 and then into a large one. While the fields are being 

 cultivated, the roots are being carried to other parts of 

 the field by implements used in tillage. These form 

 new centres from which growth radiates, insomuch that 



