374 PEARS. 



because they are perpetually throwing up vigorous young 

 shoots from the upper side of those branches which are ma- 

 king a curved direction downwards. 



SECT. II. Quenouille Training. 



As trees for this purpose require but one main stem, those 

 obtained by budding are preferable, being always the most 

 upright and handsome ; although a grafted plant, with early 

 attention, will fully answer the purpose. 



Quenouille training is a method adopted by the French 

 gardeners, and of which specimens are exhibited in the Hor- 

 ticultural garden at Chiswick. It consists in training the 

 plant perpendicularly, with a single stem, to the height of 

 about seven feet, and in having branches at regular distances 

 from the bottom to the top ; these are generally about 

 eighteen inches long, and pendent, being brought into this 

 direction by bending the young shoot downward as it grows, 

 and tying it by a string till it has finished its growth in the 

 autumn. 



If the plant be strong, and in a state of vigour, it will throw 

 out mariy more side branches than will be required ; these 

 must be thinned out, selecting those which are the strongest 

 and best, and placed so that they may be from nine to twelve 

 inches apart when trained. 3?he luxuriance of these shoots 

 is materially checked by bringing them into this form ; they 

 are, in consequence, always well furnished with fruit-bearing 

 spurs, which produce very fine fruit. 



Quenouille training possesses this advantage, that a plant 

 under such management requires but little room, a square of 

 four feet ^ach way being amply sufficient ; its fruit being 

 within reach may be thinned out to enlarge its size, and it 

 can also be secured against high winds, thus acquiring con- 

 siderable size ; and being near the ground, the additional 

 warmth it receives adds materially to its ripening in per- 

 fection. 



SECT. III. Espaliers. 



Several very valuable sorts of Pears may be successfully 

 cultivated in espaliers, which would not succeed on the tall 

 and exposed orchard standard, and is admirably adapted for 



