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bark, it likewise must be cleared away, and 

 the wood scraped round to the sound inmost 

 bark. To facilitate this operation, the 

 small short branches upon the trunk and 

 large branches ought first to be cut away 

 close to the wood. 



It will often happen in young trees, and 

 in older ones where the bark is not cracked 

 by age, that fissures and crevices will be 

 formed by wounds, by stumps of branches de- 

 cayed or cut off, by the branches rubbing on 

 one another, and perhaps by diseases not well 

 known ; one of which, it is not unlikely, is 

 constriction of the bark, for where the outer 

 bark was quite smooth, and apparently 

 sound, I have found the inner and inmost 

 bark diseased. In this case, the diseased 

 part must be entirely cut out, to the wood, 

 and carried round till you come at sound 



