XIV 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER V 



THE PERMEABILITY OP MEMBRANES AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE 

 SURFACE OF CELLS 



PAOR 



Properties of Membranes in General - 111 



The Surface Membrane of the Cell - - 114 



Impermeability to Crystalloids - - 116 



Functional Changes in Permeability- - 124 



The Formation of the Cell Membrane 127 



Chemical Composition - - - - 129 

 Action of Toxic Substances - - - 136 

 The Nature of the Membrane - - - 136 

 Phenomena in which Changes of Perme- 

 ability occur - - - 137 



Excited Muscle 138 



Sensitive Plant 138 



Phenomena in which Changes of Perme- 

 ability occur lontd. 

 Narcosis 



Haemolysis 140 



Secretion ... 140 



The Nerve Synapse - 141 



Fertilisation of the Egg Cell - 141 



The Blood Vessels - 141 



Phenomena due to Action on the Cell 



Membrane Itself 142 



Summary - 144 



Literature . - 145 



CHAPTER VI 



OSMOTIC PRESSURE 



General 146 



Van der Waals' Equation of State - 149 



Application to Solutions - - - 150 



The Cause of Osmotic Pressure 152 



Hydration of Solute 152 



Methods of Measurement - - - 152 



Direct 152 



Vapour Pressure - 154 



Depression of Freezing Point - - 155 



Critical Solution Temperature - - 155 



Osmotic Work and Volume Energy - 156 



Hydrodiffusion - 157 



Osmotic Pressure of Colloids - - - 158 



Relation to Cell Processes 162 



Volume of Animal Cells 162 



Turgor of Vegetable Cells 162 

 Reaction of Smooth Muscle to Drugs 163 



Rate of Intracellular Reactions 163 



Secretion - - 163 



Root Pressure - - 163 



Rate of Blood Flow - - 164 



Accommodation to Changes - 164 



Lymph Production and Absorption from 



Tissue Spaces 165 



Summary - 167 



Literature - - - - - - 168 



CHAPTER VII 



ELECTROLYTES AND THEIR ACTION 



Electrolytic Dissociation - 

 Electrolytic Conductivity 



Methods of Measurement 

 Ionic Conductivity - 

 Hydration of Ions 

 Further Evidence and Difficulties 

 Dielectric Constant .... 

 "Strong" Electrolytes and the 



" Dilution Law " 



The Action of Ions i n PhysiologicalProcesses 

 Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions - 



Dissociation Constants and Mass Action 

 Physiological Action 

 Measurement of Concentration 

 Indicators - 

 (Jas Electrode - 

 Electrode Potentials 

 Use in the Case of Blood 

 Hydrolysis of Esters and Cane-Sugar 



" Neutral Salt Action" - 

 Preservation of Neutrality in the 



Organism 



Hydrolytic Dissociation 

 fcEHect of Temperature 



195 

 196 

 202 



Preservation of Neutrality in the 



Organism contd. 



Reaction of Blood - 202 

 "Buffers" - - 203 

 Practical Use of Phosphate Mixtures 203 

 Physiological Saline Solutions - _'t i."> 

 The Work of Sydney Ringer 207 

 Relation to Sea Water - 209 

 Antagonism of Salts - - -212 

 Action of Salts in Particular Instances 214 

 On Various Processes - - 214 

 Calcium Salts - - 215 

 Magnesium Salts - - - - _' 1 7 

 Sodium Salts- '.'IT 

 Potassium Salts - - 217 

 Chlorine -JIS 

 Carbon Dioxide - - -Ms 

 Salts of Weak Acids with Weak Bases 218 

 Amphoteric Electrolytes - - 219 

 Action of Electrolytes in Extreme Dilu- 

 tion - 221 



" Oligodynamic " Action - - 222 



Summary - - 223 



Literature 225 



