CONTENTS 



CHAPTER I 

 PROTOPLASM 



Elementary Properties 



" Super-mechanical Properties " 



Structure 



Microscopic Vision - 

 Ultra-violet Photography 

 Intra-vital Staining - 

 Fixation ----- 



PAGE 



. 1 



3 



5 



7 



9 



10 



12 



Dehydration at Low Temperatures 



Chemical Nature 



Reactions to External Influence 



Survival of Cells 



Summary - 



Literature - 



PAOE 

 17 

 17 

 20 

 22 

 26 

 26 



Laws of Energetics - 



Free Energy - ... 



Capacity and Intensity Factors 



Theory of Quanta 



Chemical Energy ... 



Surface Energy 



Life and Energy - 



Heats of Combustion 



The Gas Law and Osmotic Work 



CHAPTER II 

 ENERGETICS 



27 

 27 

 28 

 28 

 29 

 30 

 31 

 32 

 32 



Mathematics in Physiology 37 

 The Carbon Atom - 41 

 Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Re- 

 action - 41 

 Animal Temperature 44 

 Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium 44 

 Summary - - - - 45 

 Literature 47 



CHAPTER III 



SURFACE ACTION 



Surface Tension 48 



Surface Energy- - - 51 



Surface Tension at Various Interfaces 51 



Electric Charge- 53 

 Influence on Solubility and on Chemical 



Reaction - 53 



Adsorption ----- 54 



Electrical Adsorption - - - 58 



Chemical and Specific Adsorption - 59 



Combined Effects 60 



Velocity of Adsorption ... 61 



Effect of Temperature on Adsorption - 61 



Heat of Adsorption - 61 



The Adsorption Formula - 61 



Adsorption Compounds 64 



Adsorption Controlling Chemical Action - 67 



The Condition of Adsorbed Material 69 



Dyeing and Staining- 70 



Summary - - - 72 



Literature 73 



The Ultra-Microscope 



Dialysis - 



Ultra-Filtration 



Brownian Movement 



Other Conditions of Stability - 



The Colour of Some Hydrosols - 



The Electrical Charge 



Action of Electrolytes 



79 



83 

 84 

 84 

 87 

 88 

 89 

 91 



Emulsoids- 

 Gels - 

 Imbibition- 

 Proteins - 

 Complex Colloidal Systems 



95 



98 



99 



102 



107 



Modes of Preparation of Colloidal Solutions 108 

 Summary - 108 



Literature- - - - P .' i- -110 



