CONTENTS. Xi 



Page 



Punishments for laziness ....... 305 



The sick and dying- illtreated ...... ib. 



Government of wasps and bees ... . . 30(5 



Wasps and humble-bees annually shift .... ib. 



No subordination in their communities .... 307 



Sentinel wasps ........ ib. 



'Rivalry among the females . . . . . . . 308 



Females do riot superintend swarming .... 309 



Rivalry among the queens of the hive-bee . . . . ib. 



Observations of Huber . ' 310 



Battles of the queens ib. 



Experiments of Huber , . ib. 



'Schirach's discovery 311 



Verified by Huber and Dunbar ...... ib. 



Queens produced from common grubs . . 313 



Illustrated from plants . . . . . . . 316 



'Experiments of Huber 31? 



Loyalty of bees . . . ' 318 



Experiments of Dr. Warder . . . . . ib. 



The queen's guard ........ 320 



' Feats of Wildman ib. 



His explanation (hereof 321 



CHAPTER XIII. WARS OF INSECT COMMUNITIES. 



Wars of bees and wasps Ill 



Descriptions by Pliny and Virgil Ill 



Sting of the bee 323 



Poison of the bee 326 



'Formidable attacks of bees . . . . . .32? 



Bee duels 328 



'Robber bees 329 



Watch bees appointed 380 



Robbery of wasps ... . 331 



Wars^of termites ......... ib. 



Soldiers, a peculiar order ib. 



Observations of Smith and Smeathman .... ib. 



Difficulty of observing their proceedings .... 333 

 Wars>f ants , 335 



-Ancient records of ant battles . . . . . . ib. 



Observations of Huber ib. 



Experiments of J. R 338 



Battle between herculean and sanguine ants . . . 339 



Each knows its own party 340 



Manoeuvring of the sanguine ants ..... 341 



Contiguity not always a cause of war ib. 



Ant expeditions to capture slaves 342 



Discovery of slave-making ants by Huber . . . ib. 



Attacks several times renewed ^ 344 



Tactics employed against the mining ant .... 346 



Experiments of J. R. . ib. 



_ ..Proceedings of the attacked ants ib. 



Tactics of the sanguine ants 348 



Huber's narrative ...... 349 



Circumstances partially known to Gould and White . . 351 



The slave-making ants never make prisoners of the old . ib. 



Ant slaves not apparently miserable ..... 352 



Warrior ants dislike labour 353 



Experiment of Huber .,..... ib. 



Observation of Latreille 356 



