CONTENTS. h 



Page 



"Pairing" as it refers to insects . . , 208 



Cannibalism among fish and spiders . . . . 209 



Distinctive marks of the sexes . . . * . 210 



Stag-beetle, horned wasp, and humble-bee .... 211 



Male and female of a mason-bee ...... 213 



Male and female moths and butterflies .... 214 



Male and female dragon-flies . ib. 



Wingless females 215 



Mistakes from similarity ....... ib. 



Males probably guided by smell . . . ib. 



Sembltng of the Lbndoil collectors . . . . 216 



Unsuccessful sembling ....... ib. 



Female insects short-lived . . . . . . . 218 



Ephemerae live more than one day . . . . . 219 



Experiment of Huber on the queen-bee . . ib. 



Luminous insects 222 



Common opinion respecting the glow-worm . . ib. 



Theory of Mr. Knapp .... ib. 



Disproved by facts and experiments . . 224 



Insects flying to the light 225 



Time of the glow-worm's appearance . . 226 



Opinions of Kirby and John Murray ..... 227 



Fire-fly of the West Indies 228 



Electric centipede ........ 230 



Luminosity of the sea ... 231 



Various causes assigned for it . 232 



CHAPTER X.- SINGULARITIES IN PAIRING. 



Pairing of aphides 234 



Godart's singular opinion .... ib. 



Opinions of Leeuwenhoeck and Bourguet . 235 



Experiment^ of Bonnet . . , i ; . ^ . . ib. 



Investigation requested by the Academic des Sciences . . 236 



Bazin's experiments ib, 



Trembley's experiments ....... 237 



Reaumur's experiments ....... 238 



Bonnet's confirmatory experiments . . . 239 



Mistake of Goldsmith ....... 241 



Pairing of ants < . . ib. 



The common ants imperfect females . . 242 



The male and female ants ..... ib. 



Observations of the younger Huber . . . 243 



Workers guard the females . 244 



Death of the male ants ....... 246 



Proceedings of the females . . . . ib. 



Deprive themselves of their wings . . . . . 248 



Experiments of Huber ........ ib. 



Observations of Gould ^ 249 



Foundation of ant colonies ,.<*... 252 



Labours of female ants .* ib. 



Age of female ants ........ ib. 



Pairing of bees 253 



Only one female and about 600 males in a hive . . ib. 



Debraw's observations ....*.. 254 



Bonnet confirms these ........ ib. 



Disproved by Huber 255 



Opinion of Swammerdam .... 256 



b 



