THE STEM. 51 



Is the arrangement of the parts of the bud advantageous 

 as regards economy of space ? Does it present any other 

 advantages? 



Compare the last year's growth of the stem with the ter- 

 minal bud, bearing in mind that " a bud is an undeveloped 

 branch." 



III. Examine all the marks on a horse-chestnut branch. 

 Three kinds of scars are to be seen ; namely, those left by 

 the foliage leaves, by bud-scales, and by flower-clusters. 

 Compare all these with each other and with what is seen 

 in the terminal bud, until you are thoroughly familiar with 

 the characters of the branch as they appear in the bud. 

 Carry out a similar study with the buds and branches of 

 other trees. 1 



IV. Place the cut ends of shoots of lilac, horse-chestnut, 

 apple, etc., in water, the latter part of winter ; keep them 

 in a warm room, changing the water frequently, and ob- 

 serve the unfolding of the buds. Notice the first observa- 

 ble changes as well as those occurring in later stages. 

 Record your observations in detail. 



V. Compare the terminal buds of plants belonging to 

 different genera, e.g. Acer, Caiya, and Pinus, and deter- 

 mine whether each presents distinctive marks. Next, 

 compare the buds of the red, and sugar maple, noting 

 carefully all the differences. In the same way, compare 

 the buds of Austrian, Scotch, and white pine, of the black 

 walnut and butternut. 



As opportunity offers, practice the identification of trees 

 in winter by means of buds and other parts. 2 



1 For an admirable study of the buds and branches of common trees, 

 see Newell, Outlines of Lessons in Botany, Part I. Ginn & Co. 

 2Cf.Poerste, Bot. Gaz., XVII (1892), p. 180. 



