208 THE GYPSY MOTH. 



Yellow-throated vireo, . . . Vireo flavifrons. Vieill. 

 White-eyed vireo, . . . Vireo noveboracensis. (Gmel.) 

 Black-and-white warbler, . . Mniotilta varia. (Linn.) 

 Yellow warbler, .... Dendroica cestiva. (Gmel.) 

 Chestnut-sided warbler, . . Dendroica pensylvanica. (Linn.) 

 Black-throated green warbler, . Dendroica virens. (Gmel.) 

 Oven bird, ..... Seiurus aurocapillus. (Linn.) 

 Maryland yellow-throated war- 

 bler, Geothlypis Irichas. (Linn.) 



American redstart, . . . Setophaga ruticilla. (Linn.) 



Catbird, ..... Oaleoscoptes carolinensis. (Linn.) 



Brown thrasher, .... Harporhynchus rufus. (Linn.) 



House wren, ..... Troglodytes cedon. Vieill. 



White-breasted nuthatch, . . S-Ma carolinensis. Lath. 



Chickadee, ..... Parus atricapillus. Linn. 



Wood thrush, .... Turdus mustelinus. Gmel. 



American robin, .... Merula migratoria. (Linn.) 



Bluebird, Sialia sialis. (Linn.) 



English sparrow, .... Passer domesticus. (Linn.) 



Birds which feed on the Larvce, Pupce and Imagoes. 



It is generally believed by entomologists (judging from 

 their writings) that hairy caterpillars have a certain immu- 

 nity from the attacks of birds. In Europe this appears to 

 be true to some extent of the larvae of the gypsy moth. A 

 writer in the " Annales de PInstitut Horticole de Fromont" 

 says that in twenty years of observation he has not seen a 

 bird bring one of the caterpillars to its young.* 



Keppen, writing of the gypsy moth in Kussia, says that 

 the cuckoo is the only bird which takes them. Grimm 

 noticed about Saratov that birds had completely forsaken the 

 places where the caterpillars were usually numerous. This 

 is said to have taken place also in the district of Kirsanov in 

 the province of Tambov, f Grimm thinks this is owing to 



* " Annales de 1'Institut Horticole de Fromont," Vol. 5, page 311, Paris, 1833. 



t This does not agree with the experience of the forest authorities in Bavaria 

 during the recent invasion occasioned by the spruce moth or "nun" (Liparis 

 monaeha), 1889-91. This insect is closely allied to the gypsy moth and was 

 formerly placed in the same genus. The caterpillars are provided with hairs sim- 

 ilar to those of the gypsy caterpillars. The flight of starlings collected in one 

 locality alone was credibly estimated at 10,000, all busy feeding on the caterpillars, 

 chrysalides and moths, not to mention enormous nights of titmice and finches sim- 

 ilarly engaged. The attraction of starlings to such centres became so great that 

 market-gardeners felt their absence seriously in distant parts of the country. 



" Protection of "Woodlands," by Hermann Furst, English edition; translated by 

 John Nisbet, 1893, page 126. 



