C A L 



[381 



CAR 



Fossils of this family were long con- 

 founded with insects under the name of 

 Entomolithus paradoxus. 



CALY'PTRA. (icaXv-Tpa, Gr. calyptra, 

 Lat.) The calyx of mosses, according 

 to some writers. In the mosses, the 

 organs of reproduction consist of sporules, 

 contained vrithin an urn, or theca, placed 

 at the top of a thin stalk : this is closed 

 with a lid, called an operculum, and that 

 again is covered with a hood, termed a 

 calyptra. 



CALYPTRE'A. A fossil conoidal univalve, 

 with the apex entire, erect, and some- 

 what pointed, the cavity furnished with a 

 spirally convoluted lip. Parkinson. 



CA'MBIUM. (cambium, Lat.) In botany, 

 a juice exuded between the bark and the 

 alburnum, supposed to serve the purpose 

 of nourishing the fibres of the leaf- 

 buds. 



CA'MBRIAN. (from Cambria, a name for 

 the principality of Wales.) A name 

 given by Professor Sedgwick to a group 

 of rocks, placed below the Silurian, from 

 their being largely developed in North 

 Wales ; they principally consist of slaty 

 sandstone and conglomerate. 



CAMPA'NULATE. (from campanula, Lat.) 

 Bell- shaped ; in the form of a bell. A 

 term applied to the calyx or corolla. 



CAMPA'NIFORM. The same as campanu- 

 late. 



CAMPANULA'RIA. A zoophyte, found abun- 

 dantly on our shores, and thus named 

 from its bell-shaped cells placed on foot- 

 stalks. 



CANALI'CULATED. (from canaliculatus, 

 Lat.) Channelled ; furrowed ; made like 

 a pipe or gutter. Applied to any distinct 

 groove or furrow in shells. 



CANCELLA'RIA. A genus of shell com- 

 prising many species. It is an ovate, or 

 subturrated univalve, with the lip inter- 

 nally sulcated ; the base of the opening 

 slightly channelled. The columella hav- 

 ing sharp, but compressed, plicae. Fos- 

 sils of this genus have been found in the 

 Londay clay and calc-grossier of Paris. 

 The recent cancellaria is found in sandy 

 mud at depths varying from 5 to 15 fa- 

 thoms. 



CANCELLATED, (from cancelli, lattice- 

 work, Lat.) Cross-barred ; marked with 

 lines crossing each other. In concho- 

 logy, surrounded with arched longitudinal 

 ribs. 



CA'NCER. 



1. One of the twelve signs of the zodiac, 

 being the sign of the summer solstice, 

 and represented by the figure of a 

 crab. 



2. The crab-fish. 



CA'NDENT. (candens, Lat.) Hot in the 

 highest degree, to a white heat. 



CA'NDLE-COAL. ) (This substance has pro- 

 CA'NNEL-COAL. $ bably obtained its name 

 from the bright flame, unmixed with 

 smoke, which it yields during combus- 

 tion, lighting a room as with candles, 

 candle being provincially pronounced 

 cannel.) Candle, or cannel, coal is a 

 bituminous substance next in purity to 

 jet. It is black, opaque, compact, and 

 brittle ; breaking with a conchoidal frac- 

 ture. Cannel-coal does not soil the 

 fingers when handled, is susceptible of 

 polish, and is capable, like jet, of being 

 worked into trinkets and ornaments. The 

 difference between jet and cannel-coal 

 appears to consist entirely in the presence 

 or absence of foreign earthy matters. 

 When these are absent, or exist in minute 

 proportion only, the bituminous mass is 

 so light as to float on water, and then 

 the term jet is properly applicable ; but 

 when the presence of foreign earthy mat- 

 ters is considerable, and the mass is 

 specifically heavier than water, and does 

 not readily manifest electric properties, it 

 is with more propriety termed cannel-coal. 

 Parkinson. 



CA'PSTONE. The name for a fossil echi- 

 nite, or that genus of echinite known as 

 conulus. 



The capstone, thus called from its sup- 

 posed resemblance to a cap, rises from a 

 circular base into a cone, with an acute or 

 obtuse vertex, from which five pairs of 

 punctuated or crenulated lines pass, divid- 

 ing the shell into five large and five small 

 areae, that in which the anal aperture is 

 placed being rather the largest. Par- 



CA'PSULE. (capsula, Lat. capsule, Fr.) 



1. In botany, a membranous or woody 

 seed vessel, internally consisting of one 

 or more cells, splitting into several valves, 

 and sometimes discharging its contents 

 through pores or orifices, or falling off 

 entire with the seed. 



2. A membranous or ligamentous bag. 

 CAOU'TCHOUC. 



1. Vegetable caoutchouc, called also 

 elastic-gum, and India-rubber, is the 

 milky exudation from certain trees, more 

 especially the Haevea caoutchouc and the 

 latropha elastica, but it is obtained from 

 several others. 



2. Mineral caoutchouc. A bituminous 

 fossil, elastic when soft, but brittle when 

 hard. It was discovered in 1786 near 

 Castletown in Derbyshire. In its appear- 

 ance it much resembles India-rubber, 

 whence it has obtained its name. 



CA'RAPACE. The upper shell of reptiles. 



CA'RBON. (car bo, Lat. carbon, Sp. car- 

 bone, It. charbon, Fr.) The pure in- 

 flammable principle of charcoal. If a 

 piece of wood, or any vegetable matter, 



