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the whole are inclosed in the common 

 integument or skin. The asterias is a free 

 animal, floating at liberty in the water. 

 Now, if we imagine a star-fish, like that 

 which I have described, to possess a long 

 flexible column, the base of which is at- 

 tached to a rock, we shall have a correct 

 idea of the general character of the cri- 

 no'idea, or lily-shaped animals." Prof. 

 Buckland states, " successions of strata, 

 each many feet in thickness. and many miles 

 in extent, are often half made up of the cal- 

 careous skeletons of encrinites." The en- 

 crinite differs from the pentacrinite, ano- 

 ther genus of the same order, in having the 

 bones of its column circular, or elliptical, 

 whereas those of the pentacrinite are an- 

 gular or pentagonal. Two existing spe- 

 cies, the pentacrinus caput medusae and 

 the comatula fimbriatae, afford us consi- 

 derable insight of the nature of these fos- 

 sil remains. In the encrinites monili- 

 formis, a species of encrinite, Mr. Par- 

 kinson states the upper part of the ske- 

 leton to consist of nearly 27,000 ossicula, 

 or small bones. Fossil encriuites are so 

 various that they have been divided into 

 several subgenera, according to the forma- 

 tion of the central body. 



ENCRINI'TAL. Containing the remains of 

 encrinites. The Derbyshire encrinital 

 marble is formed of the fossilized remains 

 of the crinoidea, cemented together by 

 carbonate of lime. 



ENCRI'NUS. A genus of the order Pedi- 

 cellata, class Echinodermata, in Cuvier's 

 arrangement. For a description, see 

 Encrinite. 



ENCY'STED. (from ev and Kvarig, Gr.) 

 Contained in a cyst or sac. 



E'NDOCARP. (from tvdov, within, and 

 Kapirbq, fruit, Gr.) The stone or shell 

 of certain fruits is called the endocarp, as 

 in the peach, cherry, &c. ; the outer skin 

 the epicarp , the fleshy substance, the 

 sarcocarp. 



ENDOGENOUS. Plants are called endoge- 

 nous (from two Greek words, tvdov and 

 yivojucu) the growth of whose stems takes 

 place by addition from within, while 

 those whose growth takes place by addi- 

 tion from without are named exogenous. 

 The ferns and equisetacese are endogenous 

 plants. 



ENDOGENI'TES ECHINA'TUS. The name as- 

 signed by M. Brongniart to the fossil 

 trunk of a tree, nearly four feet in diame- 

 ter, obtained from the calcaire grossier 

 at Vaillet, near Soissons. 



ENDOGENI'TES ERO'SA. A fossil plant dis- 

 covered by Dr. Fitton at Hastings, im- 

 bedded in clay. The stems, when cut 

 and polished, exhibit the monocotyledo- 

 nous structure, and were considered re- 

 lated to the palms. It occurs in the 



strata of Tilgate forest. A small speci- 

 men exhibiting that very peculiar eroded 

 appearance of the exterior, which its spe- 

 cific name denotes, is beautifully figured 

 in Dr. MantelPs Geology of the South- 

 East of England. 



ENDOSI'PHONITE. (from ivSov and (n'0wi>, 

 Gr.) A cephalopod, found in the Cam- 

 brian rocks. The siphuncle is ventral, 

 differing therein from the ammonite, in 

 which it is dorsal, and from the nautilus, 

 in which it is central. 



E'NNEAGON. (from tvvea, nine, and ywWa, 

 angle, Gr.) A polygon with nine faces. 



ENNEAPE'TALOUS. (from tvvia, nine, and 

 irtraXov, a petal, Gr.) In botany, a co- 

 rolla having nine petals. 



E'NSIFORM. (ensiformis, Lat.) Sword- 

 shaped ; two-edged ; tapering towards the 

 point like a sabre. In botany, applied 

 to two-edged leaves, slightly convex on 

 both surfaces, and gradually tapering to a 

 point from the base to the apex. 



ENTI'RE. (entier, Fr. intero, It.) Whole; 

 undivided ; complete in all its parts. In 

 botany, a term applied to leaves when the 

 margins are devoid of notches, serrations, 

 or incisions. In conchology, when a shell 

 is whole and undivided, neither interrupt- 

 ed nor intermarginated, it is termed en- 

 tire. 



ENTO'MOHTE. (from tvro/ia, an insect, 

 and Xi0oc, a stone, Gr.) A fossil insect ; 

 a petrified insect. 



ENTOMOLI'THUS PARADOXUS. The name 

 given, erroneously, at one time to fossil 

 trilobites. Fossil trilobites were long 

 confounded with insects, under the name 

 of entomolithus paradoxus ; after many 

 disputes, their place is now established in 

 a separate section of the class Crustacea. 



ENTOMOLO'GICAL. Relating to the science 

 of entomology, or that part of the science 

 of zoology which treats exclusively of 

 insects. 



ENTOMO'LOGIST. A person skilled in the 

 science of entomology ; one who studies 

 entomology. 



ENTOMO'LOGY. (from IVTO\ICL and Xoyoc, 

 Gr.) That part of the science of zoology 

 which treats exclusively of insects, of 

 their history and habits ; that branch of 

 natural history which treats of insects. 

 The object of entomology is, to investigate 

 the nature of insects ; its design is to 

 show how the insect is organised and 

 formed, and why it was obliged to adopt 

 this particular conformation and internal 

 structure ; and, when this is accomplished, 

 it proceeds to the generalisation and de- 

 velopment of the various vital phenomena 

 observable in the class. Its view, how- 

 ever, is not limited to show the mere ge- 

 neral form of the body of the insect, but 

 it also displays how this general form va- 



