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ther kind, which recur in different parts 

 of the series, they are regarded as having 

 been all formed nearly at the same epoch, 

 and under similar circumstances ; and 

 such series are called by geologists /or- 

 mations. Thus, the strata of shale, sand- 

 stone, and iron-stone, that accompany 

 beds of coal, are called the conformation. 

 Strata of different kinds, in which a gra- 

 dation is observed into each other, and 

 which contain similar species of organic 

 remains, constitute a geological forma- 

 tion. The chalk with flints above, the 

 lower chalk without flints, the chalk- 

 marl, and the green-sand under the chalk, 

 are all regarded as members of the chalk 

 formation. Bakewell. 



FO'RNI GATED, (fornicatus, Lat.) Concave 

 within, and convex without ; vaulted ; 

 arched. 



FO'RNIX. (Lat.) In conchology, the ex- 

 cavated part under the umbo. It like- 

 wise signifies the upper, or convex shell 

 in the ostea. 



FO'SSIL. l(fossilis,fromfodio, Lat. fos- 



FO'SSILE. 5 sile, Fr.fossile, It.) Dugout 

 of the earth, as fossil shells, fossil bones, 

 fossil coal, &c. The adjective is fre- 

 quently spelt fossile. 



Fo SSIL. A substance dug out of the earth. 

 At the present day, the word fossil is used 

 by geologists to express only the remains 

 of animal, or vegetable, substances found 

 buried in the earth's crust. 



FOSSILI'FEROUS. (from fossilis and fero, 

 Lat.) Producing fossils ; containing fos- 

 sil remains ; yielding fossils. 



FO'SSILIST. One who collects fossils ; who 

 studies the nature and history of fossil 

 remains. 



FOSSILIZA'TION. The conversion of ani- 

 mal or vegetable substances into fossils. 



FO'SSILIZED. Become fossil; converted 

 into a fossil body. 



FRA'GILE. (fragilis, Lat. fragile, Fr. 

 fragile, It.) Brittle ; easily broken ; 

 weak. 



FRAGILITY, (fragilite, fv.fragilita, It.) 

 Brittleness ; weakness. 



FRA'GMENT. (fragmentum, Lat. frag- 

 ment, Fr. frammento, It.) A part broken 

 from the whole ; an imperfect piece. 



FRAGMENTARY. Composed of fragments. 

 Dr. Johnson says, a word not elegant, 

 nor in use : in elegance or euphony it may 

 or may not be, deficient, but, at the pre- 

 sent day, it is in use by geologists. 



FREE-STONE. Any kind of stone, the tex- 

 ture of which is so free or loose that it 

 may be easily worked. 



FRIABI'LITY. (friabilite, Fr. friabilita, 

 It.) The property of being easily crum- 

 bled, broken small, and reduced to 

 powder. 



FRI'ABLE. (friabilis, Lat. friable, Fr. 



friabile, It.) Easily broken into small 



pieces ; easily crumbled, or reduced to 



powder. 

 FRITH. An arm of the sea, as the Frith 



of Tay, the Frith of Forth. 

 FROND, (frons, Lat.) 



1. In botany, implies peculiar union of 

 the fructification with the leaf and stem, 

 namely, the flowers and fruit are pro- 

 duced from the leaf itself. 



2. The herbaceous parts of flowerless 

 plants, resembling leaves, are called 

 fronds ; they differ from true leaves in 

 their structure in many respects. 



FRONDI'FEROUS. (frondifer, from frons, 

 smdfero, Lat.) Producing fronds. 



FRONT, (front, Fr. fronte, It.) In con- 

 chology, when the aperture in univalves 

 is turned towards the observer. 



FRO'NTAL. (frontale, Lat. frontal, Fr. 

 frontale, It.) Appertaining to the fore- 

 head. 



FRUCTIFEROUS . (fruciifer, Lat.) Bear- 

 ing fruit. 



FRUCTIFICATION. (fructification, Fr. 

 frutiificazione, It.) 



1. The temporary part of a -vegetable ap- 

 propriated to generation, terminating the 

 old vegetable, and beginning the new. It 

 consists of the following parts ; namely, 

 the calyx, corolla, stamen, pistillum, pe- 

 ricarpium, semen, and receptaculum. 



2. The act of bearing fruit ; fertility ; 

 fecundation. 



FRU'CTUOUS. (fructueux,-euse, Fr. frut- 

 tuoso, It.) Fruitful. 



FRUGI'FEROUS. (frvffifer, Lat.) Pro- 

 ducing fruit or corn ; fruitful. 



FRUGI'VOROUS. (frugivorus, Lat.) fru- 

 ffivore, Fr.) Animals which live on fruits 

 and seeds. 



FU'COID. (from tyvKog and tlSoQ, Gr.) A 

 species of fucus. Fucoids are very abund- 

 ant in many of the strata, occurring in 

 the transition strata of North America in 

 numerous thin layers. An account of 

 these has been published by Dr. Harlan, 

 of America, and by Mr. R. C. Taylor, in 

 Loudon's Magazine of Natural History. 

 Fucoids are found in great abundance in 

 the grauwacke slate of the maritime Alps, 

 in the lias, and in the chalk. There is 

 one species, the Fucoides targionii, that 

 abounds in the upper green-sand. To a 

 fine species, discovered in the chalk by 

 Dr. Mantell, he has given the name Fu- 

 coides Brongniarti. 



Fu'cus. (fucus, Lat. 0v*coc, Gr. pi. fuel.) 

 A genus of the order of Algse, belonging 

 to the class Cryptogamia. This genus 

 comprehends most of those plants com- 

 monly called sea-weed. 



FU'LGORITE. (fulguritus, Lat. ) Any- 

 thing struck by lightning. Rocks, and 

 the tops of mountains, often bear the 



