TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES. 355 



PIGEAND l have shown, the variation is in each case the same as in the 

 blood-serum of the individual. 



The specific gravity runs almost parallel with the quantity of protein. 

 The varying specific gravity has been suggested as a means of differentia- 

 tion between transudates and exudates by REUSS, 2 as the first often show 

 a specific gravity below 1015-1010, while the others have a specific gravity 

 of 1018 or above. This rule holds good in many, but not in all cases. 



The gases of the transudates consist of carbon dioxide besides small 

 amounts of nitrogen and traces of oxygen. The tension of the carbon 

 dioxide is greater in the transudates than in the blood. When mixed 

 with pus, the amount of carbon dioxide is decreased. 



The extractives are, as above stated, the same as in the blood-plasma. 

 Urea seems to occur in very variable amounts. Sugar also occurs in 

 transudates, but it is not known to what extent the reducing power is 

 due to other bodies, as in blood-serum. A reducing, non-fermentable 

 substance has been found by PICKARDT in transudates. The sugar is 

 generally glucose, but fructose seems to have been found 3 in several 

 cases. Sarcolactic add has been found by C. KULZ in the pericardial 

 fluid from oxen. Sucdnic add has been found in a few cases in hydrocele 

 fluids, while in other cases it is entirely absent. Leudne and tyrosine 

 have been found in transudates from diseased livers and pus-like trans- 

 udates which have undergone decomposition, and after autolysis. Among 

 other extractives found in transudates must be mentioned allantoin 

 (MoscATELLi 4 ), uric add, purine bases, creatine, inosite, and pyrocate- 

 chin (?). 



The division of the nitrogenous substances in human transudates 

 and exudates has so far been little studied. OTORI found that no 

 essential difference exists between serous exudates and transudates in 

 regard to the quantity of urea and amino-acids. The amount of total 

 nitrogen and proteins runs parallel with the specific gravity, and the 

 same is generally true for the absolute values for ammonia nitrogen and 

 purine nitrogen. According to the investigations of CZERNECKI, S in 

 pathological puncture fluids, also oxyproteic adds (see Chapter XIV 

 on the urine) occur and which represent 13.3 25.9 per cent of the total 

 nitrogen of the protein free filtrate. The question as to the amount of 



1 Joachim, 1. c.; Hoffmann, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 16; Pigeand, see Maly's 

 Jahresber., 16. 



2 Reuss, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 28. See also Otto, Zeitschr. f. Heilkimde, 17. 



3 Pickardt, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1897. See also Rotmann, Munch, med. Woch- 

 enschr., 1898; Neuberg and Strauss, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 36; Sittig, Bioch. 

 Zeitschr. 21. 



4 C. Kiilz, Zeitschr. f. Biologic, 32; Moscatelli, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem. 13. 

 B Otori, Zeitschr. f. Heilk. 25; Czernecki, Maly's Jahresb., 39. 



