356 CHYLE, LYMPH, TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES. 



urea nitrogen and amino-acid nitrogen in such fluids must, under these 

 circumstances, require further study. 



The investigations upon the molecular concentration have shown 

 that no essential and constant difference exists between exudates and 

 transudates. The osmotic concentration and the concentration of the 

 electrolytes are as a rule the same as in blood-serum, although some- 

 times rather divergent results have been found. The concentration of 

 the electrolytes shows/according to BoDON, 1 like the blood-serum, much 

 less variation than the total concentration. The alkalinity determined 

 by titration is about the same in transudates and exudates, and is equal 

 to that of the blood-serum. The determination of the HO ion concen- 

 tration has shown that the transudates and exudates in this regard are 

 about as neutral as the blood-serum (BODON). 



As above stated, irrespective of the varying number of form-elements 

 contained in the different transudates, the quantity of protein is the most 

 characteristic chemical distinction in the composition of the various 

 transudates; therefore a quantitative analysis is of importance only 

 in so far as it considers .the quantity of protein. On this account, in the 

 following, relative to the quantitative composition, stress will be put on 

 the quantity of protein. 



Pericardial Fluid. The quantity of this fluid is, even under physio- 

 logical conditions, so large that a sufficient quantity for chemical inves- 

 tigation has been obtained (from persons who had been executed). This 

 fluid is lemon-yellow in color, somewhat sticky, and yields more fibrin 

 than other transudates. The amount of solids, according to the analyses 

 performed by v. GORUP-BESANEZ, WACHSMUTH, and HoppE-SEYLER, 2 

 is 37.5-44.9 p. m., and the amount of protein is 22.8-24.7 p. m. The 

 analysis made by HAMMARSTEN of a fresh pericardial fluid from a young 

 man who had been executed yielded the following results, calculated in 

 1000 parts by weight. 



Water.. . 960.85 

 Solids 39.15 



(Fibrin 0.31 



Proteins 28 . 60 ] Globulin .... 5 .95 



I Albumin 22.34 



Soluble salts 8.60 NaCl 7.28 



Insoluble salts 0. 15. 



Extractive bodies 2.00 



FRIEND 3 found almost the same composition for a pericardial fluid 

 from a horse, with the exception that this liquid was relatively richer 



1 Pfliiger's Arch., 104, where literature on this subject may be found. 

 2 v. Gorup-Besanez, Lehrbuch d. physiol Chem., 4. Aufl., 401; Wachsmuth, Vir- 

 chow's Arch., 7; Hoppe-Seyler, Physiol. Chem., 605. 



3 Halliburton, Text-book of Chem. Physiol., etc., London, 1891. 



