362 CHYLE, LYMPH, TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES. 



the third day of the healing the quantity of albumin was at least nine- 

 tenths of the total protein. 



The fluid of subcutaneous oedema. This is, as a rule, very poor in 

 solids, purely serous, does not contain fibrinogen, and has a specific 

 gravity of 1.005-1.013. The quantity of proteins is in most cases lower 

 than 10 p. m. according to HOFFMANN 1-8 p. m. and in serious 

 affections of the kidneys, generally with amyloid degeneration, less than 

 1 p. m. has been shown (HOFFMANN 1 ). The cedematous fluid also habit- 

 ually contains urea, 1-2 p. m., and sugar. 



The FLUID OF THE ECHiNOCOCCUs cyst is related to the transudates, and is 

 poor in proteins. It is thin and colorless, and has a specific gravity of 1.005- 

 1.015. The quantity of solids is 14-20 p. m. The chemical constituents are 

 sugar (2.5 p. m.), inosite, traces of urea, creatine, succinic acid, and salts (8.3-9.7 

 p. m.). Proteins are found only in traces, and then only after an inflammatory 

 irritation. In the last-mentioned case 7 p. m. proteins have been found in the fluid. 



The Synovial Fluid and Fluid in Synovial Cavities around Joints, 

 etc." The synovia is hardly a transudate, but it is often discussed in an 

 appendix to the transudates. 



The synovia is an alkaline, sticky, fibrous, yellowish fluid which 

 is cloudy, from the presence of cell-nuclei and the remains of destroyed 

 cells, but is also sometimes clear. Besides proteins and salts, it also 

 contains a mucin substance, synoviamucin (v. HOLST 2 ) . In pathological 

 synovia, HAMMARSTEN found a mucin-like substance which is not mucin. 

 It behaves like a nucleoalbumin or a nucleoprotein, and gives no reducing 

 substance on boiling with acids. SALKOWSKI 3 also found a mucin-like 

 substance in a pathological synovial fluid, which was neither mucin nor 

 nucleoalbumin. He called the substance synovin. 



The composition of synovia is not constant, but is different in rest 

 and in motion. In the last-mentioned case the quantity of fluid is less, 

 but the amount of the mucin-like body, of proteins, and of .the extractive 

 bodies is greater, while the quantity of salts is diminished. This may 

 be seen from the following analyses by FRERicns. 4 The figures repre- 

 sent parts per 1000. 



I. Synovia from II. Synovia from 



a Stall-fed Ox. a Field-fed Ox. 



Water 969.9 948.5 



Solids 30.1 51.5 



Mucin-like body 2.4 5.6 



Albumin and extractives 15. 7 35 . 1 



Fat 0.6 0.7 



Salts 11.3 9.9 



1 Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 44. 



2 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 43. 



9 Hammarsten, Maly's Jahresber., 12; Salkowski, Virchow's Arch., 131. 



4 Wagner's Handworterbuch, 3, Abt. 1, 463. 



