GLYCOSURIAS. 403 



tain. Under all circumstances the sugar puncture glycosuria stands in 

 close relation to the adrenals and is generally considered as an adrenalin- 

 glycosuria. The same is true for the glycosuria after splanchnic stimula- 

 tion and probably for several other forms of glycosuria. In the gly- 

 cosuria produced by stimulation of the central vagus, according to 

 BANG, LJUNGDAHL and BOHM/ the hyperglycsemia (in rabbits) depends 

 upon an increased destruction of the glycogen of the muscles and not of 

 the liver. 



Many investigators consider the glycosuria appearing after the occur- 

 rence of dyspncc, 2 produced in various ways, and also after certain poisons 

 such as carbon monoxide, curare, ether, chloroform, strychnine, morphine, 

 piperidin and others as adrenalin glycosurias. That also in many of 

 such cases the glycosuria is brought about by an increased glycogen 

 destruction is not doubted. In certain cases, as in carbon monoxide 

 poisoning, a formation of sugar has been claimed from protein, because 

 STRAUB and ROSENSTEIN S found that this glycosuria only occurred in 

 those animals that had a sufficient quantity of protein at their disposal. 

 Protein starvation and simultaneous abundant carbohydrate supply cause a 

 disappearance of this glycosuria. 



A hyperglycsemia and glycosuria may also be caused by a decreased 

 ability of the animal to consume or to utilize the sugar or to transform 

 it into glycogen. In this case the sugar must accumulate in the blood, 

 and the formation of severe cases of diabetes mellitus is now generally 

 explained by this process. 



The inability of diabetics to destroy or consume the sugar does not 

 seem to be connected with any decrease in the oxidative energy of the 

 cells. The oxidative processes are not generally diminished in diabetes 

 (SCHULTZEN, NENCKI and SIEBER), and this has recently been sub- 

 stantiated by BAUMGARTEN. 4 This latter investigator made experiments 

 with several bodies which on account of their aldehyde nature were 

 closely related to sugar or were cleavage or oxidation products of it, 

 namely, glucuronic acid, d-gluconic acid, c?-saccharic acid, glucosamine, 



1 Hofmeister's Bietrage, 10. 



2 On the importance of the oxygen and the carbon dioxide content of the blood 

 for the non-appearance or appearance of glycosuria see Underbill, Journ. of biol. Chem., 

 1; Penzoldt and Fleischer, Virchow's Arch., 87; Sauer, Pfliiger's Arch., 49, 425, 426; 

 Macleod, Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 19, with Briggs, Cleveland Med. Journ., 1907; 

 Eddie, Bioch. Journ., 1, with Moore and Roaf, ibid., 5; Henderson and Underbill, 

 Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 28. 



3 Straub, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 38; Rosenstein, ibid., 40. 



4 Schultzen, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1872; Nencki and Sieber, Journ. f. prakt. 

 Chem. (N. F.), 26, 35; Baumgarten, " Ein Beitrag zur Zenntniss des Diabetes mel- 

 litus," Habilitationschrift, also Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Therap., 2, 1905. 



