406 THE LIVER. 



the liver loses weight more than the other parts of the body. PFLUGER 

 concludes from this that the liver in diabetes works actively, and is the 

 most important seat of production of diabetic sugar. 



PFLUGER has found that in frogs the total extirpation of the duodenum 

 causes a strong and continuous glycosuria and based upon his investigations 

 and those of other investigators, he believes that a certain relation exists between 

 the duodenum and pancreas diabetes. The question as to the occurrence of a 

 duodenal diabetes has been the subject of numerous investigations but the works 

 of EHRMANN, MINKOWSKI and ROSENBERG x show that such a view is untenable. 



There does not seem to be any doubt as to the existence of a certain 

 relationship between the pancreas to the adrenals and adrenalin gly- 

 cosuria. The glycosuric action of adrenalin could be prevented by 

 ZUELZER by the injection of pancreas extracts, and this statement is 

 confirmed by FRUGONI by experiments with pancreatic juice or pancreatic 

 extracts, v. FURTH and SCHWARZ 2 have confirmed the correctness of 

 ZUELZER' s statement but dispute the fact that we are here dealing with 

 an antagonistic hormone action as they have obtained similar results also 

 with other bodies, for example with turpentine. 



Very stimulating views on the relationship of pancreas diabetes 

 to the adrenals and the thyroids have been given by FALTA, EPPINGER 

 and RuDiNGER. 3 According to these investigators a reciprocal retarda- 

 tion exists between the pancreas and thyroid as between the pancreas 

 and the adrenals while a mutual accelerating action exists between the 

 thyroids and the adrenals. In depancreatized dogs the retarding action 

 of the pancreas upon the thyroids is removed, and in this way we explain 

 the strong increase in the protein, fat (MOHR) and salt-metabolism 

 (FALTA and WHITNEY 4 ) observed in pancreas diabetes. By the removal 

 of the retarding action of the pancreas upon the adrenals, the mobiliza- 

 tion of the carbohydrates by means of the adrenalin is increased, and 

 herein, as well as the diminished sugar utilization, lies the reason for the 

 strong elimination of sugar. The relations between the above three 

 glands is still further described by the above-mentioned authors, but we 

 cannot enter more into detail in regard to the interesting question, 

 which requires further study. 



The conditions in pancreas diabetes are certainly very complicated, 

 and the reasons for this are still very uncertain. Most investigators are of 



1 Rosenberg, Bioch. Zeitschr., 18, which contains the literature. 



2 Frugoni, fieri, klin. Wochenschr., 45, 1908; v. Fiirth and Schwarz, Bioch. Zeitschr., 

 31. 



3 Eppinger, Falta and Rudinger, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 66, which also contains the 

 literature on adrenalin diabetes. 



*Mohr, Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Therap., 4; Falta and Whitney, Hofmeister'a 

 Beitrage, 11. 



