438 THE LIVER. 



results of three analyses made by HAMMARSTEN are given. The results 

 are calculated in parts per 1000 : l 



Solids . . 25 . 200 35 . 260 25 . 400 



Water 974.800 964.740 974.600 



Mucin and pigments 5 . 290 4 . 290 5 . 150 



Bile-salts 9.310 18.240 9.040 



Taurocholate 3.034 2.079 2.180 



Glycocholate 6.276 16.161 6.860 



Fatty acids from soaps 1 . 230 1 . 360 1 . 010 



Cholesterin 0.630 1.603 1.500 



Lecithin \ n 990 574 - 650 



Fat / U> U 0.956 0.610 



Soluble salts 8.070 6.760 7.250 



Insoluble salts 0.250 0.490 0.210 



Among the mineral constituents the chlorine and sodium occur to 

 the greatest extent. The relation between potassium and sodium 

 varies considerably in different samples, Sulphuric acid and phosphoric 

 acid occur only in very small quantities. 



BAGINSKY and SOMMERFELD 2 found true mucin, mixed with some 

 nucleoalbumin, in the bladder-bile of children. The bile contained 

 on an average 896.5 p. m. water; 103.5 p. m. solids; 20 p. m. mucin; 

 9.1 p. m. mineral substances; 25.2 p. m. bile-salts (of which 16.3 p. m. 

 were glycocholate and 8.9 p. m. taurochojate) ; 3.4 p. m. cholesterin; 

 6 p. m. lecithin; 6.7 p. m. fat, and 2.8 p. m. leucine. 3 



The quantity of pigment in human bile is, according to NOEL-PATON, 

 0.4-1.3 p. m. (in a case of biliary fistula). The method used in deter- 

 mining the pigments in this case was not quite trustworthy. Accurate 

 results for dog-bile obtained by spectrophotometric methods are on 

 record. According to STADELMANN"* dog-bile contains on an average 

 0.6-0.7 p. m. bilirubin. At the most only 7 milligrams of pigment are 

 secreted per kilo of body in the twenty-four hours. 



In animals the relative proportion of the two acids varies, con- 

 siderably. It has been found, on determining the amount of sulphur, 

 that, so far as the experiments have gone, taurocholic acid is the pre- 

 vailing acid in carnivorous mammals, birds, snakes, and fishes. Among 

 the herbivora, sheep and goats have a predominance of taurocholic 

 acid in the bile. Ox-bile sometimes contains taurocholic acid in excess, 

 in other cases glycocholic acid predominates, and in a few cases the 

 latter occurs almost alone. The bile of the rabbit, hare, kangaroo, 



Decent quantitative analyses may be found in Brand, 1. c.; v. Zeynek, Wien. 

 klin. Wochenschr., 1899; Bonanni, 1. c. 



2 Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesellsch. zu Berlin, 189-95. 



* Analyses of bile from children may be found in Heptner, Maly's Jahresber., 30. 



*Noel-Paton, Rep. Lab. Roy. Soc. Coll. Phys. Edinburgh, 3; Stadelmann, Der 

 Icterus. 



