SECRETION OF SALIVA. 459 



HAMMERBACHER found in 1000 parts of the ash from human saliva: potash 

 457.2, soda 95.9, iron oxide 50.11, magnesia 1.55, sulphuric anhydride (S0 3 ) 63.8, 

 phosphoric anhydride (P 2 (X) 188.48, and chlorine 183.52. 



The quantity of saliva secreted during twenty-four hours cannot 

 be exactly determined, but has been calculated by BIDDER and SCHMIDT 

 to be 1400-1500 grams. The most abundant secretion occurs during 

 meal-times. According to the calculations and determinations of 

 TuczEK, 1 in man 1 gram of gland yields 13 grams of secretion in the course 

 of one hour during mastication. These figures correspond fairly well 

 with those representing the average secretion from 1 gram of gland in 

 animals, namely, 14.2 grams in the horse and 8 grams in oxen. The 

 quantity of secretion per hour may be 8 to 14 times greater than the entire 

 mass of glands, and there is probably no gland in the entire body, so far 

 as is known at present the kidneys not excepted whose ability of 

 secretion under physiological conditions equals that of the salivary glands. 

 But as the secretion of saliva is so very variable under different con- 

 ditions no positive results can be given as to the extent. A remark- 

 ably abundant secretion of saliva is induced by pilocarpine, while 

 atropine, on the contrary, inhibits it. 



That the secretion of saliva, even if we do not consider such sub- 

 stances as ptyalin, mucin, and the like, is not a process of filtration, 

 follows for many reasons, especially the following: The salivary glands 

 have a specific property of eliminating certain substances, such as 

 potassium salts (SALKOWSKI 2 ), iodine, and bromine compounds, but 

 not others, for example, iron compounds and glucose. It is also notice- 

 able that the saliva is richer in solids when it is eliminated quickly by 

 gradually increased stimulation, and in larger quantities than when the 

 secretion is slower and less abundant (HEIDENHAIN). The amount of 

 salts increases also to a certain degree by an increasing rapidity of 

 elimination (HEIDENHAIN, WERTHER, LANGLEY and FLETCHER, Novi 3 ). 



Like the secretion processes in general, the secretion of saliva is 

 closely connected with the processes in the cells. The chemical processes 

 going on in these cells during secretion are still unknown. 



The Physiological Importance of the Saliva. The quantity of water 

 in the saliva renders possible the action of certain bodies on the organs 

 of taste, and it also serves as a solvent for a part of the nutritive sub- 

 stances. The importance of the saliva in mastication is especially 

 marked in herbivora, and there is no question as to its importance in 



1 Bidder and Schmidt, 1. c., 13; Tuczek, Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 12. 



2 Virchow's Arch., 53. 



3 Heidenhain, Pfliiger's Arch., 17; Werther, ibid., 38; Langley and Fletcher, 

 Proc. Roy. Soc., 45, and especially Phil. Trans. Ro} 7 . Soc. London, 180; Novi, Arch, 

 f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1888. 



