GASTRIC JUICE. 461 



The fundus glands contain two kinds of cells: ADELOMORPHIC or chief 

 cells, and DELOMORPHIC or COVER cells, the latter formerly called RENNIN 

 or pepsin cells. Both kinds consist of protoplasm rich in proteins; 

 but their relation to coloring-matters seems to show that the protein 

 substances of both are not identical. The nucleus must consist princi- 

 pally of nuclein. Besides the above-mentioned constituents, the fundus 

 glands contain as more specific constituents several enzymes or their 

 zymogens, besides a little fat and cholesterin. 



The pyloric glands contain cells which are generally considered as 

 related to the above-mentioned chief cells of the fundus glands. As 

 these glands were formerly thought to contain a larger quantity of 

 mucin, they were also called mucous glands. According to HEIDEN- 

 HAIN, independent of the columnar epithelium of the excretory ducts, 

 they take no part worthy of mention in the formation of mucus, which 

 according to his views is effected by the epithelium covering the mucous 

 membrane. The pyloric glands also seem to contain zymogens. Alkali 

 chlorides, alkali phosphates, and calcium phosphates are found in the 

 mucous coating of the stomach. 



The Gastric Juice. The observations of HELM and BEAUMONT on 

 persons with gastric fistula led to the suggestion that gastric fistulas 

 be made on animals, and this operation was first performed by BASSOW l 

 in 1842 on a dog. VERNEUIL performed the same on a man in 1876 with 

 successful results. PAWLOW 2 has recently improved the surgery of 

 gastric fistula and has added much to the study of gastric secretion. 



As most investigations upon gastric digestion, and also upon diges- 

 tion as a whole, are based on observations upon dogs and then upon man, 

 and for this reason, when not otherwise stated, in this chapter on the 

 study of digestion we give the conditions in dogs and man. 



The secretion of gastric juice is not continuous, at least in man and 

 in the mammals experimented upon. It only occurs under psychic 

 influence, and also by stimulation of the mucous membrane of the stomach 

 or the intestine. The most exhaustive researches on the secretion of 

 gastric juice (in dogs) have been made by PAWLOW and his pupils. 



In order to obtain gastric juice free from saliva and food residues, they arranged 

 besides a gastric fistula also an cesophageal fistula from which the swallowed food 

 could be withdrawn with the saliva without entering the stomach, and in this 

 manner an apparent or sham feeding was possible. In this way it was possible to 



1 Helm, Zwei Krankengeschichten, Wien, 1803, cited from Hermann's Handbuch, 

 5, part II, 39: Beaumont, "The Physiology of Digestion," 1833; Bassow, Bull, de 

 la floe, des natur. de Moscou, 16, cited from Maly in Hermann's Handbuch, 5, 38; 

 Verneuil, see Ch. Ricbet, "Du sue gastrique chez Fhomme," etc. (Paris, 1878), 158. 



2 Pawlow, The Work of the Digestive Glands, (translated by Thompson, Phila- 

 delphia, 1910), where the works of his pupils are also mentioned. See also Ergebnisse 

 der Physiologic, 1, Abt. 1. 



