578 MUSCLES. 



from meat extracts, which yields as cleavage products succinic acid, paralactic 

 acid, carbon dioxide, phosphoric acid, and a carbohydrate group, besides the 

 previously mentioned carnic acid, which is identical with or nearly related to 

 antipeptone. It stands, according to SIEGFRIED, in close relation to the nucleins, 

 and as it yields peptone (carnic acid), it is designated as a nucleon by SIEGFRIED. 

 Phosphocarnic acid may be precipitated as an iron compound, carniferrine, from 

 the extract of the muscles free from proteins. The quantity of phosphocarnic 

 acid, calculated as carnic acid, can be determined by multiplying the quan- 

 tity of nitrogen in the compound by the factor 6.1237 (BALKE and IDE). In 

 this way SIEGFRIED found 0.57-2.4 p. m. carnic acid in the resting muscles 

 of the dog, and M. MULLER 1-2 p. m. in the muscles of adults and a maximum 

 of 0.57 p. m. in those of new-born infants. According to CAVAZZANI nucleon 

 occurs to a much greater extent in oysters, namely, an average of 3.725 p. m. 

 It also occurs, as he and MANICARDI found, in the plant kingdom. Phospho- 

 carnic acid has not been prepared in the pure state and possesses on this account 

 a variable composition; according to SIEGFRIED it serves as a source of energy 

 in the muscles and is consumed during work. Besides, by means of its property 

 of forming soluble salts with the alkaline earths, as also an iron combination 

 soluble in alkalies, it acts as a means of transportation for these bodies in the 

 animal body. 



Phosphocarnic acid is prepared from the extract free from protein by first 

 removing the phosphate by CaCl 2 and NH 3 . The acid is precipitated as carnifer- 

 rine by ferric chloride from the filtrate while boiling. 



From LIEBIG'S extract of beef KUTSCHER has isolated besides the above- 

 mentioned ignotine and novaine, several other bodies, neosine, C 6 Hi 7 N0 2 , which 

 according to KUTSCHER and ACKERMANN is a homologue of choline, vitiatine 

 (as gold salt, C 6 Hi4N6.2HC1.2AuCl 3 ), carnomuscarine, methylguanidine (also found 

 by GULEWITSCH), oblitine, CisHssNaOs. which probably contains two novaine 

 groups, which corresponds well with KRIMBERG'S view, and also choline and 

 neurine. From dog muscles ACKERMANN * has isolated a platinum compound, 

 CiiH3oN 2 04PtCl6, of a base called myocynine, which seems to be a hexamethyl- 

 ornithine. MICRO 2 found in meat extracts small quantities of alanine, glutamic 

 acid, taurine and inosite, but no dipeptides. In crab extract KUTSCHER and ACK- 

 ERMANN found no creatine and creatinine, but among others betaine and two new 

 bases, crangitine, Ci3H 2 oN 2 04, and crangonine, Ci3H 26 N 2 03. In crab muscles SUZUKI 3 

 and collaborators found a base, canirine which although it has the same composi- 

 tion, C 6 Hi4N 2 2 , as lysine, is not identical therewith. 



The base musculamine, isolated by ETARD and VILA on the hydrolysis of veal, 

 is nothing but cadaverine, according to POSTERNAK.* 



We must also include among the nitrogenous extractives those bodies which 

 were first discovered by GAUTiER, 5 and which occur only in very small quantities, 

 namely, the leucomaines, xanthocreatinine, C 5 Hi H 4 0, crusocreatinine, C 6 H 8 N 4 0, 

 amphicreatine, C 9 Hi9N 7 4 , and pseudoxanthine, C4HsN 5 0. 



Ide, ibid., 21, and Balke, ibid., 22; Macleod, ibid., 28; E. Cavazzani, Centralbl. f. 

 Physiol., 18, 666; Panella, Maly's Jahresber., 34. 



1 Kutscher, Zeitschr. f. Unters. d. Nahrungs- u. Genussmittel, 10, 11, Centralbl. 

 f. Physiol., 19 and 21, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 48, 49, 50, 51, with Ackermann, 

 ibid., 56; Gulewitsch. ibid., 47; Krimberg, ibid., 56; Ackermann (on myocynine). 

 Zeitschr. f. biol. 59. 



2 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 56. 



3 Kutscher and Ackermann, Zeitschr. f. Unters. d. Nahrungs- u. Genusmittel, 13 

 and 14; Suzuki, Chem. Centralbl. 1913, 1. 



4 Etard and Vila, Compt. Rend., 135; Posternak, ibid., 135. 

 6 See Maly's Jahresber., 16, 523. 



