592 MUSCLES. 



The animal organism takes up much more oxygen in activity than 

 when at rest, and eliminates also considerably more carbon dioxide.. The 

 quantity of oxygen which leaves the body as carbon dioxide during 

 activity is much larger than the quantity of oxygen taken up at the same 

 time; and the venous muscle-blood is poorer in oxygen and richer in 

 carbon dioxide during activity than during rest. The exchange of gases 

 in the muscles during activity is the reverse of that at rest, for the active 

 muscle gives up a quantity of carbon dioxide which does not correspond 

 to the quantity of oxygen taken up, but is considerably greater. It 

 follows from this that in muscular activity not only does oxidation take 

 place, but also splitting processes occur. This also results from the fact 

 that removed blood-free muscles when placed in an atmosphere devoid of 

 oxygen can labor for some time and still yield carbon dioxide (HERMANN 1 ). 



During muscular inactivity, in the ordinary sense, a consumption 

 of glycogen takes place. This is inferred from the observations of sev- 

 eral investigators, that the quantity of glycogen is increased and its cor- 

 responding consumption reduced in those muscles whose chemical tonus 

 is reduced either by cutting through the nerve or for other reasons 

 (BERNARD, CHANDELON, VAY, 2 and others). In activity this consump- 

 tion of glyccgen is increased, and it has been positively proved by the 

 researches of numerous investigators 3 that the quantity of glycogen 

 in the muscles in activity decreases quickly and freely. The sugar is 

 removed from the blood and consumed during activity. 4 The recent 

 investigations of JOH. MULLER, LOCKE and ROSENHEIM and CAMIS 5 

 have given direct proof of the consumption of sugar during muscular 

 activity. In experiments on surviving hearts of different animals through 

 which was perfused a salt solution containing sugar, they could detect 

 an undoubted consumption of sugar which was quite considerable and 

 which to all appearances was used as material for muscle work. 



The amphoteric reaction of the inactive muscles is changed during 



1 L. Hermann, Unters. tiber d. Stoffwechsel der Muskeln, etc., Berlin, 1867. 

 In regard to gas exchange in removed muscles, see also J. Tissot, Arch, de Physiol. 

 (5), 6 and 7, and Compt. Rend., 120. 



*Chandelon, Pfluger's Arch., 13; Vay, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 34, which 

 also contains the pertinent literature. 



Nasse, Pfluger's Arch., 2; Weiss, Wien. Sitzungsber., 64; Kiilz, in Ludwig's 

 Festschrift, Marburg, 1890; Marcuse, Pfluger's Arch., 39; Manche, Zeitschr. f. Bio- 

 logie, 25; Moral and Dufour, Arch, de Physiol. (5), 4. 



4 Chauveau and Kaufmann, Compt. Rend., 103, 104, and 105; Quinquaud, Maly's 

 Jahresber., 16; Morat and Dufour, 1. c.; Cavazzani, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 8; Seegen, 

 " Die Zuckerbildung im Thierkorper," Berlin, 1890, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 8, 9, and 

 10; Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1895 and 1896; Pfluger's Arch., 50. 



6 Joh. Miiller, Zeitschr. f allgem. Physiol., 3; Camis, ibid., 8; Locke and Rosen- 

 heim, Joura. of Physiol., 36. 



