CARBOHYDRATES AND REDUCING SUBSTANCES. 749 



normal urine (SALKOwsKi). 1 Non-volatile fatty acids have been detected as 

 normal constituents of urine by K. MORNER and HYBBiNETTE. 2 



Paralactic Acid. It is claimed that this acid occurs in the urine of healthy 

 persons after very fatiguing marches (COLASANTI and MOSCATELLI). It is found 

 in larger amounts in the urine in acute phosphorus-poisoning or acute yellow 

 atrophy of the liver (SCHULTZEN and RIESS), in pregnancy (UNDERBILL) , and 

 especially abundant in eclampsia (ZWEIFEL and others). According to the 

 investigations of HOPPE-SEYLER, ARAKI, and v. TERRAY, lactic acid passes into 

 the urine as soon as the supply of oxygen is decreased in any way, and this probably 

 explains the occurrence of lactic acid in the urine after epileptic attacks (!NOUYE 

 and SAIKI). MINKOWSKI 3 has shown that lactic acid occurs in the urine in large 

 quantities on the extirpation of the liver of birds. 



Glycerophosphoric acid occurs as traces in the urine, 4 and it is probably a 

 decomposition product of lecithin. The occurrence of succinic acid in normal 

 urine is a subject of discussion. 



Carbohydrates and Reducing Substances in the Urine. The occurrence 

 of glucose, as traces, in normal urine is highly probable, as the investiga- 

 tions of BRUCKE, ABELES, and v. UDRA^NSZKY show. The last investigator 

 has also shown the habitual occurrence of carbohydrates in the urine, 

 and their presence has been positively proven by the investigations of 

 BAUMANN and WEDENSKI, and especially by BAISCH. Besides glucose 

 normal urine contains, according to BAISCH, another not well-studied 

 variety of sugar, according to LEMAIRE, probably isomaltose, and besides 

 this a dextrin-like carbohydrate (animal gum), as shown by LANDWEHR, 

 WEDENSKI, and BAISCH. The quantity of carbohydrates eliminated under 

 normal conditions in the twenty-four hours' urine and determined by 

 the benzoylation method, which- is perhaps Dot sufficiently trustworthy, 

 varies considerably between 1.5 and 5.09 grams. 5 



The precipitate obtained from concentrated urine by the aid of alcohol and 

 whose nitrogen (colloidal nitrogen according to SALKOWSKI) in normal urine 

 amounts to 2.34-4.08 per cent of the total nitrogen, and in pathological urines to 

 8-9 per cent, and in a case of acute yellow atrophy of the liver to 21.8 per cent 

 contains, SALKOWSKI 6 claims, a nitrogenous carbohydrate which has strong 



1 v. Jaksch, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 10; Schotten, ibid., 7; Rokitansky, Wien. 

 med. Jahrbuch, 1887; Salkowski, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 13; Magnus-Levy, 

 Salkowski's Festschrift, 1904; Rosenfeld, Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 29. 



2 Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 7. 



3 Colasanti and Moscatelli, Moleschott's Untersuch., 14; Schultzen and Reiss, 

 Chem. Centralbl., 1869; Underbill, Journ. of biol. Chem., 2; Zweifel, Arch. f. Gynakol., 

 76; Araki, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 15, 16, 17, 19. See also Irisawa, ibid., 17; v. 

 Terray, Pfliiger's Arch., 65; Schiitz, Zeitscbr. f. physiol. Chem., 19; Inouye and 

 Saiki, ibid., 37; Minkowski, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 21 and 31. 



4 See Pasqualis, Maly's Jahresber., 24. 



5 Lemaire, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 21; Baisch, ibid., 18, 19, and 20. In these 

 as well as in Treupel, ibid., 16, the works of other investigators are cited. See also 

 v. Alfthan, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 26. 



6 Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1905. In regard to urinary colloids see also Lichtwitz, 

 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 61 and 72, with Rosenbach, ibid., 61. 



