758 URINE. 



amine, which originates from the phosphatides, and was first detected by DE FILIPPI 

 and later by K. BAUER, belong to the leucomanines and also the bases found by 

 KUTSCHER and by KUTSCHER and LOHMANN, namely, methyl guanidine (also 

 found by ACHELIS), dimethylguanidine, novain (previously found by DOMBROWSKI), 

 reductonovain, C 7 Hi 7 N02, gynesin, C^HosNsOs (from female urine) mingin, CiiHigNjOj, 

 mtiatin (Chapter X) and methylpyridine chloride, which is not a leucomaine, but 

 is probably derived from smoking tobacco or from drinking coffee. The imidazole 

 derivatives hislidine and imidazolamino-acetic acid found by KUTSCHER and 

 ENGELAND also belong to this group and the urohyperlensin and urohypotensin 

 of ABELOUS and BARDiER. 1 



Under pathological conditions the quantity of leucomaines and other bodies 

 may be increased (BOUCHARD, LEPINE and GEURIN, VILLIERS, GRIFFITHS, ALBU, 

 and others). Within the last few years the poisonous properties of urine have 

 been the subject of more thorough investigation, especially by BOUCHARD. He 

 found that the night urine is less poisonous than the day urine, and that the 

 poisonous constituents of the day and night urine have not the same action. 

 In order to be able to compare the toxic power of the urine under different con- 

 ditions, BOUCHARD determines the UROTOXIC COEFFICIENT, which is the weight 

 of rabbit in kilos that is killed by the quantity of urine excreted in twenty-four 

 hours by 1 kilo of the person experimented upon. 2 



Many substances have been observed in animal urine which are not found in 

 human urine. To these belong the above-described kynurenic acid, urocanic acid, 

 which according to HUNTER is imidazolacrylic acid, also found in dog's urine; 

 damaluric acid and damolic acid (according to SCHOTTEN, S probably a mixture 

 of benzoic acid with volatile fatty acids), obtained by the distillation of cow's 

 urine; and lastly lithuric acid, found in the urinary concrements of certain 

 animals. 



m. INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF URINE. 



Chlorides. The chlorine occurring in the urine is undoubtedly com- 

 bined with the bases contained in this excretion; the chief part is in 

 combination with sodium. In accordance with this, the quantity of 

 chlorine in the urine is generally expressed as NaCl. 



The question as to whether a part of the chlorine contained in the 

 urine exists as organic combinations, as considered by BERLIOZ and 

 LEPINOIS, is still disputed, although recently BAUMGARTEN 4 has supported 

 this view. 



The quantity of chlorine combinations in the urine is subject to con- 

 siderable variation. In general the amount from a healthy adult on a 



1 de Filippi, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 49; Bauer, Hofmeister's Beitrage, 11; 

 Kutscher, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 51, with Lohmann, ibid., 48 and 49; Achelis, 

 ibid., 50; Engeland, ibid., 57, and Munch, med. Wochenschr., 55; Abelous and Bardier, 

 Maly's Jahresb., 39 and 40. 



2 See footnote 7, page 757. 



3 Hunter, Journ. of biol. Chem., 11; Schotten, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 7. 



4 Berlioz and Lepinois, see Chem. Centralbl., 1894, 1, and 1895, 1; also Petit and 

 Terrat, ibid., 1894, 2, and Vitali, ibid., 1897, 2; Ville and Moitessier, Maly's Jahres- 

 ber., 31; Meillere, ibid.; Bruno, ibid., 452; Baumgarten, Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. 

 Therap., 5. 



