CONJUGATION WITH SULPHURIC AND GLUCURONIC ACIDS. 777 



of this kind. Substitution of both hydrogen atoms of the amino-group 

 by methyl groups seems to make the demolition of the amino-acids still 

 more difficult (FRIEDMANN). Ordinary betaine (trimethyl glycocoll) 

 passes, according to KOHLRAUCH/ in part unburned into the urine in 

 carnivora as well as herbivora. 



The combustion of the aliphatic bodies can be retarded or prevented 

 also by substitutions of other kinds and by combining with other sub- 

 stances. 



By substitution with halogens, bodies otherwise readily oxidizable are 

 converted into difficultly oxidizable ones. While the aldehydes are readily 

 and completely burnt like the primary and secondary alcohols of the 

 fatty series, the halogen-substituted aldehydes and alcohols, are, on the 

 contrary, difficultly oxidizable. The halogen-substitution products of 

 methane (chloroform, iodoform, and bromoform) are at least in part 

 destroyed, and the corresponding alkali compounds of the halogen pass 

 into the urine. 2 



By conjugation with sulphuric acid, the alcohols which are otherwise 

 readily oxidizable may be protected against combustion, and conse- 

 quently the alkali salt of ethyl-sulphuric acid is not burnt in the body 



(SALKOWSKI 3 ). 



Conjugation with other substances can prevent the combustion of 

 the aliphatic bodies as shown in the conjugation of glycocoll with benzoic 

 acid into hippuric acid. A conjugation can also be a mutual protection 

 against the combustion of two bodies as in the case of glucuronic acid 

 and certain substances, 



Conjugation with glucuronic acid occurs, according to the investiga- 

 tions of SUNDVIK and especially of 0. NEUBAUER, in many substituted 

 as well as non-substitued alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Chloral 

 hydrate, CCl3CH(OH) 2 , passes, after it has been converted into tri- 

 chlorethyl-alcohol by a reduction, into a levogyrate reducing acid, uro- 

 chloralic acid or trichlorethylglucuronic acid, CCla.C^.CeHgO? (MUSCULUS 

 and v. MERINO). Of the primary alcohols investigated by NEUBAUER 4 

 (upon rabbits and dogs) methyl alcohol gave no conjugated glucuronic 

 acid, and ethyl alcohol only a small amount. Isobutyl alcohol and active 



1 Zeitschr. f. Biol., 57. 



2 See Harnack and Griindler, Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1883; teller, Zeitschr. f. 

 physiol. Chem., 8; Kast, ibid., 11; Binz, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 28; Zeehuisen, 

 Maly's Jahresber., 23. 



3 Pfliiger's Arch., 4. 



4 Sundvik, Maly's Jahresber., 16; Musculus and V. Mering, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. 

 Gesellsch., 8; also v. Mering, ibid., 15; Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 6; Kiilz, Pfliiger's 

 Arch., 28 and 33; O. Neubauer, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 46; Saneyoshi, Bioch. 

 Zeitschr., 36. 



