CYSTINE. 827 



with a freshly prepared solution of diazobenzene sulphonic acid made alkaline 

 with sodium carbonate, normal urine also gives an orange or Bordeaux-red 

 coloration. The known normal urinary constituents which give the diazo reac- 

 tion are the aromatic oxy acids, antoxyproteic acid and the imidazole -derivative 

 found by ENGELAND (see page 758). 



EHRLICH'S reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde has already been 

 discussed in connection with urobilinogen. 



ROSENBACH'S urine test, which consists in adding nitric acid drop by drop 

 to the boiling-hot urine and obtaining a claret-red coloration and a bluish-red 

 foam on shaking, depends upon the formation of indigo substances, especially 

 indigo-red. 1 



Fat in the Urine. The elimination of a urine which in appearance and rich- 

 ness in fat resembles chyle is called chyluria. It habitually contains a proteid 

 and often fibrin. Chyluria occurs mostly in the inhabitants of the tropics. 

 Lipuria, or the elimination of fat with the urine, may appear in apparently healthy 

 persons, sometimes with and sometimes without albuminuria, in pregnancy, and 

 also in certain diseases, as in diabetes, poisoning with phosphorus, and fatty 

 degeneration of the kidneys. 



Fat is usually detected by the microscope. It may also be dissolved with 

 ether, and may invariably be detected by evaporating the urine to dryness and 

 extracting the residue with ether. 



Cholesterin is also sometimes found in the urine in chyluria and in a few other 

 cases. 



Ammo-acids. Leucine and tyrosine have been repeatedly found in urine by 

 the older methods, especially in acute yellow atrophy of the liver, in acute phos- 

 phorus poisoning, and in severe cases of typhoid and smallpox. Since ^-naphtha- 

 lene sulphochloride has been used in the detection of amino-acids these bodies have 

 not only been repeatedly found in normal urine (glycocoll, see page 756), but also 

 in pathological urines. 2 



Cystine. BAUMANN and GOLDMANN claim that a substance similar 

 to cystine occurs in very small amounts in normal urine. This substance 

 occurs in large quantities in the urine of dogs after poisoning with phos- 

 phorus. Cystine itself is only found with positiveness, and even then 

 very rarely, in urinary calculi and in pathological urines, from which 

 it may separate as a sediment. Cystinuria occurs oftener in men than 

 in women. BAUMANN and v. UDRANSZKY found in urine in cystinuria 

 the two diamines, cadaverine (pentamethylendiamine) and putrescine 

 (tetramethylendiamine) , which are produced in the putrefaction of 

 proteins. Cases of cystinuria may occur with or without the occurrence 

 of diamines in the urine, and only rarely are the diamines found in the 

 urine as well as in the feces, which perhaps depends upon the fact, as 

 found by CAMMIDGE and GARROD 3 in one case, that the diamines occur 



1 See Rosin, Virchow's Arch., 123. 



2 Ignatowski, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 42; Abderhalden and Schittenhelm, 

 ibid., 45; Abderhalden and Barker, ibid., 42. See also footnote 5, page 756, and 2, 757. 



3 Baumann, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 8. In regard to the literature on cystinuria 

 see Brenzinger, ibid., 16; Baumann and Goldmann, ibid., 12; Baumann and v. 

 Udranszky, ibid., 13; Stadthagen and Brieger, Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1889; 

 Cammidge and Garrod, Journ. of Path, and Bacteriol, 1900 (literature on diamines 

 in the urine and feces); Loewy and Neuberg, Bioch. Zeitschr., 2; Wolf and Schaffer, 

 Journ. of biol. Chem., 4; Williams and Wolf, ibid., 6. 



