238 BACTERIAL POISONS. 



protagon had IK-CM removed, he thus treated, only eholiue is 

 formed, whereas pure protagon, on heating with barvta, 

 yields neurine. It has heen obtained from the yelk of 

 eggs ; from bile; from fresh brains (BRIEGER) ; from fresh 

 eggs, blood, lungs, and hearts, and from lecithin (MARINO- 

 /uco); from human placenta (BoEHM) ; from the < ye ; 

 from commercial neurinc (BRIEGER) ; from fresh as well as 

 decomposing internal organs of the cadaver (BRIEGER, 

 1885) ; from herring-brine and decomposing pike, three 

 days in midsummer (BocKLiHCH). It has also been isolated 

 from cultures of vibrio protcus (BocKLiscn), and of comma 

 bacillus (BRIEGER). EHRENBERG (1887) found it in 

 poisonous sausage, and, by growing a bacillus obtained from 

 this, on liver. 



Not only has clioline been met with in the animal tissues, 

 but it has also been observed within the last few years to be 

 very widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, especi- 

 ally so. in fatty seeds. Thus, it has been found (!!ARNACK, 

 1876) accompanying muscarine, in toadstool ( Agaricus mus- 

 carius) ; in hops, and hence in beer (GRIESS and HARROW ; 

 in the seeds of Trigonella, in Indian hemp, arcca- and earth- 

 nuts, hemp seeds and lentils (JAHNS); in the seeds of white 

 mustard, as a glycoside (VON BABO); in ergot (BRIEGER); 

 in the germs of pumpkins and lupines (ScHULZS, Zcitxchr. 

 f. Physiol. (?/tem.,H, 365); in beech-nuts and morels (Hel- 

 vetia esculenta, Boletus lusidus, Amanita pantherina, B<">IIM) ; 

 in flores sambuci (elder), and extracts of belladonna, hyos- 

 cyarnus, ipecacuanha root and Acorus calamus (KuN/), 

 and Scopolia Japouica (SCHMIDT and HENSOHKE) ; in the 

 sprouts and cotyledons of Soja beans (SCHUL/E, 1888), in 

 the fat from hog's bean, vetch, peas and lupines (JACOB- 

 SON, 1889) ; from the lecithin of lupine seeds (SCHULZE and 

 STEIGER) ; and in Chekeu leaves (Myrtus cheken, WEIFS). 

 According to LIPPMANN (B<r. 20, 3206), it is present, to- 

 gether with betaiue, in the molasses from beet-root sugar. 

 Clioline (RITTHAUSEN) and betaine (BOHM) exist together 

 in cotton-seeds ; hence, clioline occurs in the press-cakes from 

 cotton-seeds (BdHli). According to SCIIUL/E, and also 

 RITTHAUSEN, jcholine occurs with betaiue and another 



