Viii CONTENTS. 



Page 



Their attempts sometimes unsuccessful, 

 Organ for holding fast, 



Suspensory cincture of other caterpillars, 279 



Method of forming- this by the swallow-tail, "281 

 Parchment-like pupa case of flies (Muscidce), 



Flask-shaped pupae of Syrphidae, 284 



Transformations of a Tipulidan gnat, 285 



Mode by which the nymph is suspended, 286 



Hooked aquatic pupa (Hydrocampa?)^ 287 



CHAPTER XII. 



Form and structure of pupae, 288 



The term of Metamorphosis objected to, ib. 



Harvey's fancies about transmutation, 289 

 Similar fancies of Goedart exposed by Swammerdam, 290 



Structure of the pupa of the chameleon fly, 292 



Pupa of the lappit moth, 293 

 Chrysalis and transformations of the peacock butterfty, 294 



Origin of philosophic errors, 296 



Changes produced on pupae by evaporation, 297 



Objections to the theory of evaporation, 298 



Respiratory organs of pupa?, 300 



Experiments upon the breathing of pupae, 301 



Valves of the spiracles, 302 

 Breathing apparatus in the pupae of aquatic crane flies 



and gnats, 304 



Plumed apparatus of the blood-worm, 305 



CHAPTER XIII. 



Transformation of pupae into perfect insects, 307 



Theory of transpiration by means of heat, ib. 



Objections to this theory, 308 



Experiments by Reaumur, 309 



Chrysalides hatched under a hen, 310 



Forcing of butterflies in winter, 311 



Retarding the evolution of butterflies by cold, 312 



Experiments on pupae led to the varnishing of eggs, ib. 



Illustrations of torpidity in animals and plants, 313 



Various periods of disclosure in the same brood, 314 



Supposed final cause of this, 315 

 Fixed time of the day for some insects to be evolved, 316 



Remarkable evolution of the gnat, 317 



Still more remarkable instance of the blood-worm, 319 



Netted doors in the pupa cases of caddis-flies, 320 



Bellows-apparatus in the pupa of the blow-fly, 321 



Contrivance in the pupae of wood feeders, 322 



Singularity in the locust moth, 323 



Ingenious contrivance in a small leaf roller, 324 



