LEPIDOPTERA. 257 



of wood, or of little stones, stuck together, and intermixed with 

 silky threads. 



We give a representation (in Figs. 237, 239, and 240) of the 

 cases of the caterpillars of three different kinds. The females of 

 these moths are completely destitute of wings and resemble cater- 

 pillars. As a general rule they hardly ever leave their case. The 

 males (Figs. 238, 242) are of a blackish grey and fly very swiftly. 



The caterpillars of the genus Hepialus are difficult to observe, 

 as they live in the interior of the roots of various vegetables. Such 

 is the common Ghost- moth (Hepialus humuli}, which sometimes 

 causes the greatest damage. 



The type of the genus Zeuzera is Zeuzera cesculi, or Wood 

 Leopard (Fig. 243). It has white wings with large blackish 



Fig. 243. Zeuzera sesculi. 



blue spots on the anterior, and small black spots on the posterior 

 wings. The caterpillar, of a livid yellow, spotted with black, 

 lives in the interior of the trunks of a great many trees, princi- 

 pally the chestnut, the elm, the lime, and the pear tree. This 

 moth, which is known also by the name of coquette, is to be seen in 

 the evening flying about the public gardens of Paris, and is not 

 rare in England. The most celebrated species of the allied genus 

 Cossus is the Wood-boring Goat-moth (Cossus ligniperda). The 

 moth has a heavy brownish body and greyish wings streaked 

 with black= It is found in most parts of Europe. The cater- 

 pillar o af reddish colour, as if it had on a leathern jerkin, 

 disgorges a liquid which is believed to soften ligneous fibres, and 



