40 LESSONS IN HORSE JUDGING. 



any part of it. Of course, if this speck be towards 

 the margin it may not split the light and so be a 

 detriment, but we never can tell how long a small 

 speck of cataract will remain small. With practice 

 you can detect these small specks by the ' catoptric 

 test,' but they are far more easily detected with a 

 little round mirror having a little hole in its centre 

 for you to look through, which forms the reflecting 

 part of every opthalmoscope. Any one can use this 

 very simple contrivance by holding it to his eye and 

 reflecting the rays of a candle into the eye — the 

 candle being held by the side of the head by some 

 one else. 



We have seen that the ' iris' from inflammation 

 may become stuck to the lens and so fixed. But the 

 ' iris' being a moviyig muscle^ sometimes drags and 

 tears itself away, and in so liberating itself, leaves 

 bits of its structure upon the lens, which will also 

 appear like small cataracts. In doing so it some- 

 times tears the capsule and lets in the watery humour, 

 and so causes cataract. 



This ends our lesson on the eye. It only remains 

 for me to advise close attention to what has been 

 said, and to advise the learner to take every oppor- 

 tunity of verifying his knowledge and noticing the 

 many infirmities he will meet with, and studying 

 them by the broad light which we have here 

 attempted to shed upon the subject. There are 

 other methods of thoroughly examining the eye, 

 but these are only of use to experts, surgeons, and 



