88 LESSONS IN HORSE JUDGING. 



centre in being round and narrow, and widens ont 

 in front to help to form the joint, and also widens 

 out behind, and forms a large rough prominence, 3, 

 we see by the side of the root of the tail. 



77.— The 'ilium,' and 'ischium' being practi- 

 cally^ all one bone, we will refer to them as such, 

 and call the united structure the ' ilio-ischiiim.* 

 The ilio-ischium plays the most important part in 

 the formation of the hind quarters as we shall see. 

 We have seen that it has three points all large and 

 rough, and which give origin to large muscles. 

 Now we find these points extremely useful, indeed 

 indispensable landmarks in ju(\ gin g the hind quarters. 

 If point 1 be placed high up on a level with point 2, 

 it gives the hips a rugged coarse appearance, as in 

 Fig. 12, the large rugged point being all the more con- 

 spicuous. Then again if point 3 be placed very low 

 down, it gives the quarters a drooping appearance 

 therefore we have to regard the relations of these 

 three points to two axes, one axis is the long axis 

 of the body generally, and may be represented by 

 the line a h, which we shall call the axis of the 

 antero-jyosterior obliquity ; the other axis is repre- 

 sented by the dotted line between points 2 and 3 

 which we shall call the axis of the lateral obliquity. 



Seeing that point 2 is fixed always, being bound 

 down by unyielding ligaments to the solid portion 

 of the back bone, called the sacrum, and the sacrum 

 is as we have seen a part of, and a continuation 

 of the back bone, it follows that when this ilio- 



