DRIVING. 85 



" backing," take hold of both reins with the 

 right hand, the back upwards, beyond the 

 left-hand, and holding them with the right 

 hand, again reach with the left, palm upwards, 

 beyond the right, grasping the reins with the 

 left hand, then shifting the right hand to the 

 right rein, " pull-up" steadily, firmly, and 

 strongly, with both hands thus by the alter- 

 nate use of right and left hand " hauling-in," 

 horses in great speed may be stopped and 

 also " backed" when required. Horses must 

 be kept at a regular pace in harness, without 

 teazing, must pull equally, and step together, 

 whether two or more. Remember, the reins 

 must be held steadily and used without jerking, 

 or, as it is termed " drawing teeth," or inces- 

 santly fidgetting and shaking the reins, which 

 frets and fatigues the horses in exercise, or in 

 a journey, before their work affects them, ren- 

 dering them unable to proceed besides, jerk- 

 ing and tugging the reins in order to stop 

 horses when going at too great speed, alarms 

 and causes them to go faster and sometimes 

 run away, besides breaking the reins : hence 



