CHAP. III. PASSIONS OP QUADRUPEDS. 79 



makes his appearance, the tiger which, perhaps, till 

 then, does not betray any marked apprehension, or, 

 probably, seems to menace the spectators, swelling his 

 fur, and showing his teeth, or occasionally snarling and 

 lashing his sides with his tail all at once sinks into 

 the most contemptible despondency. He sneaks along 

 under the palisade, crouching, and turning on his back 

 to avoid the buffalo's charge. He tries every device his 

 situation will admit ; and often suffers himself to be 

 gored, or to be lifted from his pusillanimous attitude, by 

 the buffalo's horn, before he can be induced to stand on 

 the defensive. When, however, he really does summon 

 up courage to oppose his assailant, he displays wonderful 

 vigour and activity, although he is generally conquered. 



(98.-) The Phoca Ursina, or ursine seal, according 

 to Pennant, is the victim of a blind jealousy, which 

 leads him to fight his companions, and even to immo- 

 late his females, if the latter are in any way interfered 

 with by the former. Each seal has from eight to fifty 

 females, over whom he exercises the greatest tyranny ; 

 though, at the same time, he exhibits the fondest affec- 

 tion for his young standing resolutely on the defen- 

 sive, if they are attacked, while the mother carries them 

 away in her mouth. But should she chance to drop 

 them, he instantly leaves his enemy, directs all his 

 wrath upon her, and beats her violently on the stones 

 until he " leaves her for dead. As soon as she recovers, 

 she comes, in the most suppliant manner, to the male, 

 crawls to his feet, and washes them with her tears : 

 he, in the mean time, stalks about in the most insulting 

 manner ; but, in case the young one is carried off, he 

 melts into the deepest affliction." * 



(99-) That the passions of animals may be excited, 

 both for evil as well as for good, by artificial means, is 

 evinced by the training of elephants, and even oxen, 

 for war. lie Vaillant t purchased one of the latter, 



* Pen. Hist. Quad. vol. ii. p. 529. This account we suspect to be 

 somewhat exaggerated. 

 f Second Travels, vol. ii. p. 158. 



