308 FATTENING BY LESSENED EXPENDITURE 



energy spent in climbing = 15 x 4 x 70 = 4200 kg. Now only 

 30 per cent, of the muscular energy appears as external work. 

 Therefore the total climbing energy = 1400 kg. But 425 kg. 

 - 1 Cal. Therefore 14,000 kg. = 32'9 Gal, and this is equiva- 

 lent to 3'54 grm. fat. In the year this equals 1*3 kg. fat, or 1-87 

 kg. adipose tissue (v. Noorden). Whether the man puts on fat 

 or not depends on whether his appetite lessens in consequence 

 of the lessened expenditure. With increasing age and growing 

 wealth there is growing tendency to take more alcohol and 

 richer food, to use cabs instead of walking, to shrink from ex- 

 posure to cold and live in over-heated rooms. 



Women with child are especially liable to get fat. as they both 

 eat and rest more. 



The following figures illustrate the effect of rest and restlessness 

 on metabolism. 



A fasting man during sleep excreted on the average 7-243 grm. 

 CO 2 per kg. per diem, while during a restless sleep he secreted 

 8-136 grm. 



A dog lying down excreted 174'3 c.c. O 2 per min. 

 standing up 245-6 c.c. 



A man fasting and lying in bed in the ordinary way excreted 

 24-94 grm. C0 2 per hour ; while with complete muscular relaxation he 

 excreted 20 '7 2 per hour. 



Zuntz found the metabolism of a horse in the respiration chamber 

 distinctly increased by the presence of a few flies. 



In 70 per cent, of the cases of obesity there is an hereditary 

 tendency. Certain races, such as Hungarians, Lapps, Jews, and 

 Dutchmen, are especially characterised by a full habit of body. 



In certain, but rare, cases obesity is due to an anomaly of 

 protoplasmic metabolism, consisting in a lessening of the energy 

 of decomposition, a greater economy in working the bodily 

 machine. Individuals differ greatly in this respect. There are 

 pigs that put on flesh and pigs that put on fat ; and so it is with 

 men. In two pigs of almost equal weight, observed by Weiske 

 and Wild, A used 40*1 Cal. per kilo, and B only 34-0. A put 

 on 20-9 per cent, of the absorbed carbohydrate as fat, and B 

 41 per cent., while A increased its proteid 146 per cent., and 

 B only 120-4 per cent. 



Von Noorden quotes the case of a man weighing 102 kg., 

 who daily walked 8 km., was on his feet all day, and twice 



