340 THE METABOLISM OF THE CARBOHYDRATES 



the succus entericus, a body which this latter secretion contains 

 enterokinase renders the proteolytic ferment active, that is to 

 say, converts it into trypsin. It is likewise comparable with 

 haemolysis by haemolytic serum, where two bodies, a complement 

 and an amboceptor, are necessary for the process and with all 

 analogous processes. It satisfactorily explains why excision of 

 the pancreas should inhibit all glycolysis of dextrose in the 

 organism, and how it is that muscular venous blood should contain 

 less dextrose than its arterial. 



This work of Cohnheim has in general been confirmed by 

 subsequent workers ( 16 ). Not only the muscle but other organs, 

 such as the liver, possess the ferments which the pancreatic 

 zymase activates. When abundance of oxygen is present, the 

 end products of this glycolysis are carbon dioxide gas and water, 

 whereas, when it occurs anaerobically, at first alcohol, and later 

 lactic acid are formed, and later still oxy-butyric acid. Each of 

 these stages is really produced by a different ferment, the alcohol- 

 producing ferment acting first, then the lactic acid ferment, and 

 lastly the butyric acid ferment. It has been suggested that it 

 may be to a suppression of the alcoholic and lactic acid ferments 

 and an excessive action of the oxy-butyric acid ferment, that the 

 presence of the latter acid in Diabetes mellitus is due (Stoklasa 16 ) . 



The conditions which, apart from food and muscular exercise, 

 influence the amount of glycogen in the liver. 



Of these the most important are the various forms of ex- 

 perimental diabetes. 



The first form of experimental diabetes to be discovered was 

 puncture diabetes. 1 If the floor of the fourth ventricle of the 

 brain be punctured, sugar shortly afterwards appears in the urine. 

 In rabbits, in which this form of experimental diabetes has been 

 very extensively studied, the point of puncture is bounded above 

 by a line joining the roots of origin of the nervi acoustici, and 

 below, by one joining that of the vagi. The puncture is made, by 

 means of a strong steel pencil, in the median line of the occipital 

 bone in front of the occipital protuberance. The puncture is con- 

 tinued till the Pars basilaris is reached, when the instrument is 

 withdrawn. The cerebellum is injured by the puncture but not 

 seriously (Bernard 1 ). 



1 Piqdre. 



