GENUS PINUS 27 



exposing the seeds, prolonged and tapering to a more or less reflexed tip, the umbo inconspicuous; 

 seeds large, wingless, the spermoderm entire. 



A species of the mountains of northeastern Asia with valuable wood and large edible nuts; hardy 

 and often cultivated in cool-temperate climates. 



The P. koraiensis of Beissner (in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. iv. 184) and of Masters (in Gard. 

 Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff.) are P. Armandi and have led to an erroneous extension of the range of this 

 species into Shensi and Hupeh. In the original description of the species the authors call attention 

 to an error in the plate, where a cone of another species has been substituted. 



P. koraiensis resembles P. cembra in leaf and branchlet but not in the cone. It is often confused 

 with P. Armandi, but can easily be distinguished by its tomentose branchlets, indehiscent cone and 

 peculiar seed. The two species, moreover, do not always agree in the position of the foliar resin-ducts. 



Plate VIII. 



Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. 



2. PINUS CEMBRA 



1753 P. CEMBRA Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1000. 



1778 P. MONTANA Lamarck, Fl. Frang. iii. 651 (not Miller). 



1858 P. PtTMiLA Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23. 



1884 P. MANDSCHURiCA LawsoD, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht). 



1906 P. siBiRiCA Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 388. 



1913 P. CORONANS Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. Petersb. xi. 23, f. 



Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral only; 

 resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during 

 their second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose, subsessile; apophyses dull nut- 

 brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds 

 wingless, large, the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale, the ventral 

 spermoderm wanting. 



The Swiss Stone Pine attains a height of 15 or 25 metres and occupies two distinct areas, the 

 Alps, from Savoy to the Carpathians at high altitudes, and the plains and mountain-slopes 

 throughout the vast area from northeastern Russia through Siberia. Beyond the Lena and Lake 

 Baikal it becomes a dwarf (var. pumila) with its eastern limit in northern Nippon and in Kamchatka. 

 It is successfully cultivated in the cool-temperate climates of Europe and America. The wood is of 

 even, close grain, peculiarly adapted to carving. The nuts are gathered for food and confections, 

 but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels, mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. 

 It is generally conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination. 



Plate Vni. 



Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at Arolla, Switzerland. 

 Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var. pumila. 



3. PINUS ALBICAULIS 



1853 P. FLEXILI8 Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James). 



1857 P. CEMBROiDES Ncwbcrry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f. (not Zuccarini). 



1863 P. ALBICAULIS Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209. 



1867 P. SHASTA Carri^re, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390. 



Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves from 4 to 7 cm. long, 

 entire, stout, persistent for several years; stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets 

 short-pedunculat, dark purple during the second season, their scales often tapering to an acute 

 apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous 

 brown, dull or slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting the upper surface 



