Buds and Stems. 47 



the largest buds, and draw the cut surface. The drawing 

 should show the outline of all the parts with perfect clear- 

 ness. Do not make any lines which have no distinct 

 significance. 



59. What portion of this twig was formed last year? 

 What portion was formed the year before ? Is there any 

 portion of the coming season's shoot present in this twig ? 

 Label the drawing of the twig according to the different 

 years' growth, and determine by cross sections whether 

 there is any relation between the internal structure and the 

 age of the parts of the twig. 



60. Make drawings of buds in different stages of unfold- 

 ing so that the following questions may be answered by 

 reference to the drawings : What changes do the bud 

 scales undergo ? What finally becomes of the bud scales ? 

 Do the bud scales in any way leave their impress upon 

 the twig? What changes do the inner parts of the bud 

 undergo ? Do the parts increase in size ? in number ? Do 

 they change materially in form ? Are their relative posi- 

 tions changed ? Are any new parts produced, or does the 

 unfolding of the bud consist simply in changes in parts 

 already present ? 



6 1. Turn back to twigs in winter condition and deter- 

 mine the location of the bud scales of last year, and of the 

 year before that, etc., and see that your drawing takes 

 proper account of them. 



62. Count the leaf scars belonging to the different 

 years' growth to determine whether the number of leaves 

 produced each year is the same. 



63. Determine the number of vertical rows of leaf scars, 

 and the angular divergence of the leaves on various twigs, 

 selecting those which have made a vigorous growth and 

 are straight and untwisted. A good way to determine 



