Algae, Fungi, and Lichens. 269 



what sort of connection it has with the substratum. Can 

 smaller toadstools be found just above or beneath the soil ? 



167. Break off the cap of the toadstool and lay it on a 

 piece of blue paper where it will not be disturbed, and after 

 a day or so remove the cap and note what has happened. 



1 68. Make thin sections across the gills, and mount in a 

 drop of 70^) alcohol, and with a high power look for the 

 spores growing from the gills. Examine with the same 

 power some of the deposit found on the paper of Observa- 

 tion 167, and compare with the spores found growing to the 

 gills. 



169. Examine the bark of old trees in a wood for the 

 discolored spots and scale-like growths known as Lichens. 

 Is the body of the Lichen all alike, or does some part appear 

 to be spore-bearing ? Cut off the Lichen from the bark and 

 soak for a day in water, then make thin sections through 

 the spore-bearing part and mount in a drop of water. Of 

 what is the body of the Lichen found to consist ? Are there 

 any parts containing chlorophyll ? Observe the slender 

 sacs in which the spores are borne. How do Lichens 

 probably obtain the water necessary to their growth ? Do 

 they make a slow or a rapid growth ? 



DISCUSSION. ALG^; 



162. Nature of Algae. The Algae, of which we have 

 seen examples in the green growth on trees, in the filamen- 

 tous green growths in water and on shady banks, and in 

 the bladder-wrack of the ocean, are low forms of plants of 

 very simple construction, except in the case of the larger 

 seaweeds. They consist for the most part of single cells, 

 or of rows of similar cells joined end to end to form fila- 

 ments. They contain chlorophyll, and so are able to make 



