MANUAL OF SOME SPRING FLOWERING 

 PLANTS OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTH- 

 ERN STATES. 



SUB-KINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing 

 Plants. 



Plant body differentiated into true roots and leaf-bearing shoots. 

 Special shoots with shortened internodes and modified leaves form 

 flowers for the purpose of reproduction. Pollen grains (microspores) 

 containing the male gametophyte are borne in the anther sacs (micro- 

 sporangia) on modified leaves, known as the filament, and the embryo- 

 sac (macrospore) containing the female gametophyte is borne in the 

 ovule (macrosporangium), which grows from a much modified leaf, 

 termed the carpel (see Botany, page 203). After the fertilization of 

 the egg in the embryo-sac by the sperm from the pollen grain (see 

 Botany, page 166), an embryo plant, with minute stem, leaf or leaves, 

 and root fundament, is formed, which soon temporarily ceases to grow, 

 and remains in an inactive condition until the germination of the seed. 



CLASS I. GYMNOSPERM^E. 



Ovules borne upon an open scale or disk, and not in a closed ovary ; 

 fruit usually a cone, or berrylike, by coherence of scales. Trees or 

 shrubs, usually with needle-shaped or scalelike evergreen leaves. 



CONIFERS. PINE FAMILY. 



Resinous trees or shrubs, usually with narrow, scalelike or needle- 

 shaped evergreen leaves. Wood without tracheal tubes (water tubes) 

 after the first year's growth, the ring of growth consisting of compara- 

 tively large cavitied tracheids (wood fibers with numerous circular thin 



NOTE. The vowel is long in the accented syllable when the accent mark 

 is inclined with its apex to the left, and short when the accent is turned to the 

 right. 



