THE LIVING WORLD 243 



inay be astonished, but they have no recollection of being 

 astonished. They can distinguish an artificial object 

 from the natural object which it imitates, but they do 

 not understand the artificial character, as such, of the 

 former. A dog may fear another dog which is stronger 

 and fiercer, but it will have no idea of " courage " and 

 " fierceness." Many animals, even insects, will distin- 

 guish clearly between differently coloured objects the 

 white from the blue, the red from the yellow but no 

 animal gives us evidence that it knows " whiteness " or 

 " blueness," and still less that it knows what "colour" 

 is. Some animals also have feelings of sympathy, com- 

 panionship, regretful feelings, feelings of shame, &c., 

 but we have no ground for supposing they understand 

 the conceptions " ought " and " duty." Animals gene- 

 rally possess the faculty of forming " habits," but the 

 instinctive powers of many of them are much greater 

 than those of the cat. Chickens, two minutes after they 

 leave the egg, will follow with their eyes the movements 

 of crawling insects, and peck at them, judging distance 

 and direction with almost infallible accuracy. They will 

 also instinctively appreciate sounds, readily running to- 

 wards a hen hidden in a box when they hear her " call." 

 Some birds will feign lameness in order to draw oft' 

 attention from their eggs and young, and birds of the 

 first year will readily migrate to avoid a cold of which 

 they can have no knowledge. But it is insects which 

 possess the most remarkable instincts, such as those of the 

 carpenter bee, the wasp sphex, and the Emperor moth, 

 and many others, for a description of which the reader 

 is referred to works on zoology, and especially to those 

 on entomology the natural history of insects. Such 

 phenomena make it clear that insects will make 

 elaborate arrangements for a progeny they can never 



