LOGIC 285 



analogy may be (a) one of proportion, or (b) one of 

 attribution. In the former case there is a certain agree- 

 ment in the effects produced by quite dissimilar causes, 

 e.g., "the staff of life," the " foot of a mountain," 

 the " head of an army," or, as we may say of a vessel, 

 "she walks the waters like a thing of life." Words 

 which have an analogy of attribution are such as denote 

 a quality which primarily and properly belongs to one 

 object but is attributed to another as bearing some 

 relation (as of cause or effect) thereto, e.g., healthy man, 

 healthy exercise, healthy appetite, healthy climate; (8) 

 abstract * denoting some form or quality, considered 

 apart from whatever object or objects it may pertain to, 

 e.g., "whiteness," "existence," "extension," &c. ; (9) 

 concrete applicable only to things actually existing, or 

 having existed, e.g., " Descartes," " these sheep," &c. ; 

 (10) absolute that is, a name the signification of which 

 refers only to the object named, e.g., "justice," "gold," 

 &c. ; (n) connotative that is, necessarily implying some- 

 thing else, e.g., " white," "rapid," " pianist," "son," &c. 

 Terms which have a natural relation to one another, such 

 as, e.g., father and son, are spoken of as correlative. (12) 

 positive, e.g.,'"'' strong;" (13) negative, e.g., " insentient," 

 as applied to a stone; (14) privative, e.g., "insentient," 

 as applied to a man who has lost the power of 

 sensation; (15) transcendental names denoting ideas 

 of attributes which are incapable of (or transcend) classifi- 

 cation, because they are present in all cases and pertain to 

 everything which there is to classify, e.g., " existence." 



Universals are words denoting classes of things, 

 or attributes, or qualities, which may exist in many 

 things. They relate to things as they exist, apart from 



* See ante, p. 256. 



